Olfactory Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Comorbidities

Abstract

Over the past two decades, several studies have measured olfactory performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Deficits are observed in multiple olfactory domains, including odour detection threshold, identification, discrimination, and memory. In this study, the psychophysiological Sniffin’ Sticks smell screening test was administered to examine olfactory functioning in 145 older adults with MCI, a group with MCI and chronic comorbid conditions, and a healthy age-matched comparison group. We hypothesised that olfactory performance will deteriorate in the two MCI groups compared to the control group, even after assessing the known contributions of age and gender. The higher olfactory deterioration in the group with the MCI and the comorbidities in the first year disappeared in the second. This could mean that early consideration of the potential effect of other comorbidities that might affect olfaction should be taken and addressed, as they could easily mask the effect of cognitive decline and/or contribute to it. This study also found higher deterioration in smell identification in participants with MCI, as has been found repeatedly in similar research. Olfactory identification seems to be a more robust marker for discriminating people with MCI and without, and even discriminating between those with MCI and having other health problems.

Keywords

• mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
• olfactory deterioration
• smell decline
• comorbidities
• digital diagnostics