Heliyon (Jun 2024)
Turbulence model study for aerodynamic analysis of the leading edge tubercle wing for low Reynolds number flows
Abstract
A turbulence model study was performed to analyze the flow around the Tubercle Leading Edge (TLE) wing. Five turbulence models were selected to evaluate aerodynamic force coefficients and flow mechanism by comparing with existing literature results. The selected models are realizable k-ε, k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST), (γ−Reθ) SST model, Transition k-kl-ω model and Stress- ω Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). For that purpose, the TLE wing model was developed by using the NACA0021 airfoil profile. The wing model is designed with tubercle wavelength of 0.11c and amplitude of 0.03c. Numerical simulation was performed at chord-based Reynolds number of Rec = 120,000. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation reveals that among the selected turbulence models, Stress- ω RSM estimated aerodynamic forces (i.e. lift and drag) coefficients closest to that of the experimental values followed by realizable k-ε, (γ−Reθ) SST model, k-ω SST model and k-kl-ω model. However, at a higher angle of attacks i.e. at 16° & 20° k-ω SST model predicted closest drag and lift coefficient to that of the experimental values. Additionally, the critical observation of pressure contour confirmed that at the lower angle of attack Stress- ω RSM predicted strong Leading Edge (LE) suction followed by realizable k-ε, (γ−Reθ)SST model, k-ω SST model and k-kl-ω model. Thus, the superiority of Stress- ω RSM in predicting the aerodynamic force coefficients is shown by the flow behavior. In addition to this pressure contours also confirmed that k-kl-ω model failed to predict tubercled wing aerodynamic performance. At higher angles of attacks k-ω SST model estimated aerodynamic force coefficients closest to that of the experimental values, thus k-ω SST model is used at 16° & 20° AoAs. The observed streamline behavior for different turbulence models showed that the Stress- ω RSM model and k-kl-ω model failed to model flow behavior at higher AoAs, whereas k-ω SST model is a better approach to model separated flows that experience strong flow recirculation zone.
