Heliyon (Aug 2024)
The oncogenic fusion protein EML4-NTRK3 requires three salt bridges for stability and biological activity
Abstract
Aim of study: Chromosomal translocations involving neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases (NTRKs) have been identified in 20 % of soft tissue sarcomas. This work focuses on the EML4-NTRK3 translocation identified in cases of Infantile Fibrosarcoma, which contains the coiled-coil multimerization domain of Echinoderm Microtubule-like protein 4 (EML4) fused with the tyrosine kinase domain of Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 3 (NTRK3). The aim of the study was to test the importance of tyrosine kinase activity and multimerization for the oncogenic activity of EML4-NTRK3. Methods: These studies examined EML4-NTRK3 proteins containing a kinase-dead or WT kinase domain, together with mutations in specific salt bridge residues within the coiled-coil domain. Biological activity was assayed using focus assays in NIH3T3 cells. The MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways were analyzed for downstream activation of signaling pathways. Localization of EML4-NTRK3 proteins was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, and the ability of the EML4 coiled-coil domain to drive protein multimerization was examined by biochemical assays. Results: Activation of EML4-NTRK3 relies on both the tyrosine kinase activity of NTRK3 and salt-bridge stabilization within the coiled-coil domain of EML4. The tyrosine kinase activity of NTRK3 is essential for the biological activation of EML4-NTRK3. Furthermore, EML4-NTRK3 activates downstream signaling pathways MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT3 and PKC/PLCγ. The disruption of three specific salt bridge interactions within the EML4 coiled-coil domain of EML4-NTRK3 blocks downstream activation, biological activity, and the ability to hetero-multimerize with EML4. We also demonstrate that EML4-NTRK3 is localized in the cytoplasm and fails to associate with microtubules. Concluding statement: These data suggest potential therapeutic strategies for Infantile Fibrosarcoma cases bearing EML4-NTRK3 fusion through inhibition of salt bridge interactions and disruption of multimerization.
