Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Patients Characteristics, Mortality, and Clinical Significance of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient, Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a reversible left ventricular systolic dysfunction with apical ballooning. Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction may develop in these cases due to hyperdynamic state of the left ventricle. Limited data are available on the prevalence of LVOT gradient in TC and its association with patient outcomes and mortality. Methods. Data were collected retrospectively for patients diagnosed with TC in a single tertiary center, demographic information, blood analysis results, and imaging finding including ejection fraction, and LVOT gradient was obtained from medical records. Additionally, medical treatment and outcome during hospitalization were extracted. Follow-up was conducted through cardiology clinic or phone contact. Result. A total of 59 patients diagnosed with TC were reviewed during hospitalization, and 40 patients were followed up after discharge by phone contact and cardiology clinic. Most patients were female (91.5%), and nonsignificant coronary artery disease was present in 16.9% of patients. Approximately two-third of the patients had a reduced ejection fraction on admission, and only two patients (5.4%) continued to have reduced ejection fraction on echocardiography follow-up within a period of 2–14 days. LVOT gradient was present in 17 patients (28.5%); patients with preserved ejection fraction had a higher probability of having an LVOT gradient. However, there was no association between LVOT gradient and shock or mortality. Four patients (6.7%) experienced 30-day mortality, while all-cause mortality was reported in eight patients (13.5%) over the follow-up period (mean (±SD) 20.8 months ± 16.2). Conclusion. LVOT obstruction may occur in TC patients; it has no correlation with shock or mortality. However, determining whether there is a gradient is important for deciding on specific treatment approach.