Differential diagnosis of intraoperative cardiac arrest after spine surgery in prone position

Abstract

Intraoperative cardiac arrest is one of the most feared events by anesthesiologists and surgeons. Although there are many possible causes, three differential diagnoses stand out in the presented scenario: pulmonary embolism, gas embolism, and acute myocardial infarction. A 61-year-old female patient was admitted in the hospital to C2-C5 arthrodesis. Despite no major bleeding during surgery, immediately after supination the patient developed refractory hypotension, a decrease in end tidal CO2, progressive bradycardia that ultimately led to pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation maneuvers were promptly performed, sustained return of spontaneous circulation was attained after 50 minutes, and the patient was transferred to the ICU. This paper discusses the main causes for an episode of cardiac arrest in the context of cervical arthrodesis, with a markedly prolonged resuscitation time, in which the patient survived.

Keywords

• air embolism
• cardiac arrest
• gas embolism
• intraoperative cardiac arrest
• intraoperative myocardial infarction
• pulmonary embolism
• spine surgery