Biosynthesized nanoparticles and implications by their use in crops: Effects over physiology, action mechanisms, plant stress responses and toxicity

Abstract

Since their first appearance, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have focused on diverse materials science applications and recently on agriculture as an emerging research area. In the past decade, new nanomaterials (NMs) synthesis methods have been explored to reduce the environmental's toxicological and chemical impact. Proposing the biosynthesis method, using diverse bio sources of extracts (plants and microorganisms) as reductive and stabilizing agents, generating a sustainable synthesis method compared to the physical and chemical ones. On the other hand, the application of NMs by different media (foliar, irrigation, and soil) over crops plants to study their positive or non-adequate responses in several plant mechanisms from not only in physiology changes, secondary metabolisms, or biotic or abiotic stress alleviation to general genetic changes has also emerged as an interesting source of knowledge. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive literature review of biosynthesized metallic (Ag, Au, and Fe) and metallic oxide (TiO2, ZnO, and iron oxides) NPs, and their performance over physiology, uptake, action mechanisms, and plant stress responses in rice, maize, and wheat due to their importance in human being daily diet around the world, is needed to point out that more studies must be carried out in this matter.

Keywords

• Biosynthesis
• Nanoparticles
• Physiology changes
• Vegetal stress
• Toxicity