Cardiac Electronic Devices: Future Directions and Challenges

Abstract

Agnieszka Kotalczyk,1,2 Zbigniew Kalarus,2 David Justin Wright,1 Giuseppe Boriani,3 Gregory Y H Lip1,2 1Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 2Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland; 3Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, ItalyCorrespondence: Gregory Y H Lip Email [email protected]: Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are essential management options for patients with brady- and tachyarrhythmias or heart failure with concomitant optimal pharmacotherapy. Despite increasing technological advances, there are still gaps in the management of CIED patients, eg, the growing number of lead- and pocket-related long-term complications, including cardiac device–related infective endocarditis, requires the greatest care. Likewise, patients with CIEDs should be monitored remotely as a part of a comprehensive, holistic management approach. In addition, novel technologies used in smartwatches may be a convenient tool for long-term atrial fibrillation (AF) screening, especially in high-risk populations. Early detection of AF may reduce the risk of stroke and other AF-related complications. The objective of this review article was to provide an overview of novel technologies in cardiac rhythm–management devices and future challenges related to CIEDs.Keywords: cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, CIEDs, pacemaker, implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy, remote monitoring, wearable technology

Keywords

• cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (cieds)
• pacemaker
• implantable cardioverter defibrillator
• cardiac resynchronization therapy
• remote monitoring
• wearable technology.