The Effect of Errorless and Errorful on Practice Children's Learning of Motor Skills: The Role of Reinvestment

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of errorless and errorful practice on children’s learning of motor skills: The Role of Reinvestment. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the male elementary school students in the age range of 7-10 in Mashhad in the academic year of 2017-2018. For this purpose, 48 male students in the city of Mashhad, , were selected through an available sample and randomly based on the levels of reinvestment. This study is an applied research and the type of practice protocol in four groups: errorless with high reinvestment tendency, errorful with low reinvestment tendency, errorful with high reinvestment tendency. Retention, transfer, and dual-task tests were conducted after the acquisition phase at 24-hour intervals. To analyze the data in the acquisition, retention, transfer, and dual-task phases, a mixed model variance analysis (ANOVA) 2 (reinvestment levels: high and low) × 2 (practice protocol: errorless and errorful) and LSD post-hoc test were used, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. The results of the acquisition test showed that all groups had made progress, but two groups, the errorful with high reinvestment tendency and the errorless with low reinvestment tendency, performed significantly better than the other groups on the retention and transfer tests. The two groups of the defectless with low reinvestment tendency and the defectless with high reinvestment tendency performed significantly better than the other groups under pressure conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that physical educators pay special attention to these psychological variables (reinvestment) when designing exercises and training programs for children’s motor skills.

Keywords

• error-free practices
• errored practices
• reinvestment theory
• implicit learning
• explicit learning