Cardiometabolic Phenotyping in Heart Failure: Differences between Patients with Reduced vs. Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract

Aims. We explored multiple cardiometabolic patterns, including inflammatory and congestive pathways, in patients with heart failure (HF). Methods and Results. We enrolled 270 HF patients with reduced (n = 96) and preserved (≥50%, HFpEF; n = 174) ejection fraction. In HFpEF, glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) seemed to be relevant in its relationship with inflammation as Hb1Ac positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ = 0.180, p p p p p p < 0.05). Conclusion. In HF patients, HFpEF and HFrEF phenotypes are characterized by different cardiometabolic indices related to distinct inflammatory and congestive pathways. Patients with HFpEF showed an important relationship between inflammatory and cardiometabolic parameters. Conversely, in HFrEF, there is a significant relationship between congestion and inflammation, while cardiometabolism appears not to influence inflammation, instead affecting sympathetic hyperactivation.

Keywords

• heart failure
• inflammation
• congestion
• cardiometabolism