An Enzyme Cascade Synthesis of Vanillin

Abstract

A novel approach for the synthesis of vanillin employing a three-step two-enzymatic cascade sequence is reported. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are known to catalyse the selective hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, which is one of the most challenging chemical reactions. A set of rationally designed variants of CYP102A1 (P450 BM3) from Bacillus megaterium at the amino acid positions 47, 51, 87, 328 and 437 was screened for conversion of the substrate 3-methylanisole to vanillyl alcohol via the intermediate product 4-methylguaiacol. Furthermore, a vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) variant (F454Y) was selected as an alternative enzyme for the transformation of one of the intermediate compounds via vanillyl alcohol to vanillin. As a proof of concept, the bi-enzymatic three-step cascade conversion of 3-methylanisole to vanillin was successfully evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.

Keywords

• cytochrome P450
• vanillin
• enzyme cascade
• vanillyl alcohol oxidase
• flavor compound