Perception of Pain Expression Among Surgical Patients and Families from Three Ethnic Groups of a Nation: A Multicenter Qualitative Study

Abstract

Getu Ataro Hanago,1 Matthias Siebeck,2 Samuel Jilo Dira,3 Tefera Tadesse,4 Dominik Irnich5 1Department of Anesthesia, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 2Institute of Medical Education, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; 3Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 4Institute of Educational Research, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Multidiciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, GermanyCorrespondence: Getu Ataro Hanago, Email [email protected]: Despite its universal nature; perception, coping, responses, treatment options, and overall experiences of pain are influenced by biopsychosocial factors to various extents. Pain perception, expression, and control are progressively learned behaviors among members of a society and are culture-specific. Effects of ethnicity-related culture (ethnoculture) on pain experience in a broader context have increasingly been reported. However, evidence from ethnoculturally diverse groups of a nation, particularly based on surgical patients, is limited. Therefore, as a qualitative research effort of a broader project aimed at assessing ethnocultural determinants of surgical pain management, this study explored the perception of ethnoculturally diverse patients and families about expressing surgical disease-related pain.Methods: This study follows subjectivist-interpretivist philosophical assumptions as an underpinning research paradigm. We purposively selected 11 patients for in-depth interviews and 12 patients’ family members for focus group discussions in three hospitals of ethnic-based regions of Ethiopia. In the phenomenological frame, thematic analysis was employed.Finding: Ethnocultural background influences how individuals express and respond to pain according to emergent themes of finding— Pain and overlooked cultural influence, Pain expressiveness in cultural context, Stereotypes of pain expressiveness, and Bravehood through stoic response. Pain feelings are commonly hidden where the domestic culture values stoic response to pain compared to ethnoculture where pain expressiveness is encouraged.Conclusion: Individuals can express and respond to pain differently due to ethnocultural diversity within a nation. Researchers and clinicians should consider cultural context while applying the prevailing one-size-fits-all pain assessment tools among surgical patients of a nation with ethnocultural diversity.Keywords: surgical pain, pain and culture, pain expression, pain behavior, pain response, stoic response

Keywords

• surgical pain
• pain and culture
• pain expression
• pain behavior
• pain response
• stoic response