Infection and Drug Resistance (May 2022)
The Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Oral Microbes, Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber officinale
Abstract
Naveed Ahmed,1 Mohmed Isaqali Karobari,2– 4 Anam Yousaf,5 Roshan Noor Mohamed,6 Sohaib Arshad,7 Syed Nahid Basheer,8 Syed Wali Peeran,9 Tahir Yusuf Noorani,4 Ali A Assiry,10 Abdulaziz S Alharbi,11 Chan Yean Yean1 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia; 2Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia; 3Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India; 4Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia; 5Department of Pathology Laboratory, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute & Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; 6Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; 7Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia; 8Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Periodontics, Armed Forces Hospital Jizan, Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 10Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 11Saudi Board of Pediatric Dentistry (SB-PD), King Fahad Military Medical Complex – KFMMC, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, 12211, Cambodia, Email [email protected] Chan Yean Yean, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia, Email [email protected]: Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been one of the most commonly consumed herbal medicines for a long time to treat several common diseases. Antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties and many bioactive compounds in ginger have been identified previously, which could be used as an alternative method to treat many infectious diseases.Methods: The current study evaluates ginger’s biochemical profile using qualitative and quantitative analysis and its bioactive potentials using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays against Streptococcus mutans and selective oral microbes. HPLC analysis was performed for the quantitative analysis. DPPH and disc diffusion assays were used for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity was checked against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. All solvents were removed by rotary evaporation before testing the dried extracts.Results: The observed IC50 value showed that distilled water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (43.9), followed by ethanol extract (52.4), and the lowest activity was observed in n-butanol extract (91.2) and n-hexane (90.6). Different plant extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity (p = 0.001) against each bacterium. The highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria was observed in n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts. In comparison, the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extracts showed low antibacterial activity.Conclusion: This study emphasizes that Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) against Gram-positive bacteria is an effective antimicrobial herb. Furthermore, it can be used as a potential natural source of antioxidants. Further studies on the toxicity analysis of ginger are recommended.Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, ginger, dental, oral microbes, herbal medicine, medicinal plants, healthy food
