High-resolution US of the facial vessels with new facial vein landmarks for reconstructive surgery and dermal injection

Abstract

Abstract Background Accurate knowledge of vessel anatomy is essential in facial reconstructive surgery. The technological advances of ultrasound (US) equipment with the introduction of new high-resolution probes improved the evaluation of facial anatomical structures. Our study had these objectives: the primary objective was to identify new surgical landmarks for the facial vein and to verify their precision with US, the secondary objective was to evaluate the potential of high-resolution US examination in the study of both the facial artery and vein. Methods Two radiologists examined a prospective series of adult volunteers with a 22–8 MHz hockey-stick probe. Two predictive lines of the facial artery and vein with respective measurement points were defined. The distance between the facial vein and its predictive line (named mandibular-orbital line) was determined at each measurement point. The distance from the skin and the area of the two vessels were assessed at every established measurement point. Results Forty-one volunteers were examined. The median distance of the facial vein from its predictive line did not exceed 2 mm. The facial vein was visible at every measurement point in all volunteers on the right side, and in 40 volunteers on the left. The facial artery was visible at every measurement point in all volunteers on the right and in 37 volunteers on the left. Conclusions The facial vein demonstrated a constant course concerning the mandibular-orbital line, which seems a promising clinical and imaging-based method for its identification. High-resolution US is valuable in studying the facial artery and vein. Relevance statement High-resolution US is valuable for examining facial vessels and can be a useful tool for pre-operative assessment, especially when combined with the mandibular-orbital line, a new promising imaging and clinical technique to identify the facial vein. Key points • High-resolution US is valuable in studying the facial artery and vein. • The facial vein demonstrated a constant course concerning its predictive mandibular-orbital line. • The clinical application of the mandibular-orbital line could help reduce facial surgical and cosmetic procedure complications. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Arteries
• Face
• Reconstructive surgical procedures
• Ultrasonography
• Veins