The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2023)
Simultaneous Millimeter-wave, Gamma-Ray, and Optical Monitoring of the Blazar PKS 2326-502 during a Flaring State
- J. C. Hood II,
- A. Simpson,
- A. McDaniel,
- A. Foster,
- P. A. R. Ade,
- M. Ajello,
- A. J. Anderson,
- J. E. Austermann,
- J. A. Beall,
- A. N. Bender,
- B. A. Benson,
- F. Bianchini,
- L. E. Bleem,
- J. E. Carlstrom,
- C. L. Chang,
- P. Chaubal,
- H. C. Chiang,
- T-L. Chou,
- R. Citron,
- C. Corbett Moran,
- T. M. Crawford,
- A. T. Crites,
- T. de Haan,
- M. A. Dobbs,
- W. Everett,
- J. Gallicchio,
- E. M. George,
- N. Gupta,
- N. W. Halverson,
- G. C. Hilton,
- G. P. Holder,
- W. L. Holzapfel,
- J. D. Hrubes,
- N. Huang,
- J. Hubmayr,
- K. D. Irwin,
- L. Knox,
- A. T. Lee,
- D. Li,
- A. Lowitz,
- G. Madejski,
- M. Malkan,
- J. J. McMahon,
- S. S. Meyer,
- J. Montgomery,
- T. Natoli,
- J. P. Nibarger,
- G. Noble,
- V. Novosad,
- Y. Omori,
- S. Padin,
- S. Patil,
- C. Pryke,
- C. L. Reichardt,
- J. E. Ruhl,
- B. R. Saliwanchik,
- K. K. Schaffer,
- C. Sievers,
- G. Smecher,
- A. A. Stark,
- C. Tucker,
- T. Veach,
- J. D. Vieira,
- G. Wang,
- N. Whitehorn,
- W. L. K. Wu,
- V. Yefremenko,
- J. A. Zebrowski,
- L. Zhang
Affiliations
- J. C. Hood II
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- A. Simpson
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, NY 12180, USA
- A. McDaniel
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29631, USA
- A. Foster
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- P. A. R. Ade
- ORCiD
- Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3XQ, UK
- M. Ajello
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29631, USA
- A. J. Anderson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- J. E. Austermann
- ORCiD
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- J. A. Beall
- ORCiD
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- A. N. Bender
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- B. A. Benson
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- F. Bianchini
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- L. E. Bleem
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- J. E. Carlstrom
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- C. L. Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- P. Chaubal
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- H. C. Chiang
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada; School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
- T-L. Chou
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- R. Citron
- University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- C. Corbett Moran
- TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- T. M. Crawford
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. T. Crites
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H4, Canada; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H4, Canada
- T. de Haan
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS) , High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan; International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- M. A. Dobbs
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada
- W. Everett
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- J. Gallicchio
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Harvey Mudd College , 301 Platt Blvd., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
- E. M. George
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany; Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- N. Gupta
- ORCiD
- CSIRO Space & Astronomy , PO Box 1130, Bentley WA 6102, Australia
- N. W. Halverson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- G. C. Hilton
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- G. P. Holder
- ORCiD
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada; Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- W. L. Holzapfel
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. D. Hrubes
- University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- N. Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Hubmayr
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- K. D. Irwin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Dept. of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- L. Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- A. T. Lee
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- D. Li
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- A. Lowitz
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- G. Madejski
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- M. Malkan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
- J. J. McMahon
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- S. S. Meyer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. Montgomery
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- T. Natoli
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. P. Nibarger
- NIST Quantum Devices Group , 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- G. Noble
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- V. Novosad
- Materials Sciences Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Y. Omori
- Dept. of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- S. Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena CA 91125, USA
- S. Patil
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- C. Pryke
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , 116 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- C. L. Reichardt
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- J. E. Ruhl
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- B. R. Saliwanchik
- Physics Department, Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University , P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
- K. K. Schaffer
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Liberal Arts Department, School of the Art Institute of Chicago , 112 S Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
- C. Sievers
- University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- G. Smecher
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada; Three-Speed Logic , Inc., Victoria, B.C., V8S 3Z5, Canada
- A. A. Stark
- ORCiD
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- C. Tucker
- Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3XQ, UK
- T. Veach
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute , San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
- J. D. Vieira
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys , National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- G. Wang
- High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- N. Whitehorn
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- W. L. K. Wu
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ; [email protected]; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- V. Yefremenko
- High Energy Physics Division , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- J. A. Zebrowski
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- L. Zhang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbf45
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 945,
no. 2
p. L23
Abstract
Including millimeter-wave data in multiwavelength studies of the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN) can provide insights into AGN physics that are not easily accessible at other wavelengths. We demonstrate in this work the potential of cosmic microwave background (CMB) telescopes to provide long-term, high-cadence millimeter-wave AGN monitoring over large fractions of sky. We report on a pilot study using data from the SPTpol instrument on the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which was designed to observe the CMB at arcminute and larger angular scales. Between 2013 and 2016, SPTpol was used primarily to observe a single 500 deg ^2 field, covering the entire field several times per day with detectors sensitive to radiation in bands centered at 95 and 150 GHz. We use SPT 150 GHz observations to create AGN light curves, and we compare these millimeter-wave light curves to those at other wavelengths, in particular γ -ray and optical. In this Letter, we focus on a single source, PKS 2326-502, which has extensive, day-timescale monitoring data in gamma-ray, optical, and now millimeter-wave between 2013 and 2016. We find PKS 2326-502 to be in a flaring state in the first 2 yr of this monitoring, and we present a search for evidence of correlated variability between millimeter-wave, optical R- band, and γ -ray observations. This pilot study is paving the way for AGN monitoring with current and upcoming CMB experiments such as SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, including multiwavelength studies with facilities such as Vera C. Rubin Observatories Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.
Keywords
