Sex-dependent variation in cartilage adaptation: from degeneration to regeneration

Abstract

Highlights Evidence indicates males and females respond differently to cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Few review articles available provide comprehensive information referencing clinical and laboratory research. This review offers an update on sex-dependent variation in knee anatomy and sex hormones’ effect on cartilage degeneration and regeneration as well as potential application in stem cell therapy. Understanding sex differences in cartilage biology contributes to personalized treatment in cartilage diseases.

Keywords

• Sex
• Cartilage
• Degeneration
• Regeneration
• Stem cell therapy
• Hormone