Revista de Biología Tropical (Sep 2009)
Cronología de la regeneración del bosque tropical seco en Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: II. La vegetación en relación con el suelo
Abstract
Se estudió la sucesión del bosque tropical seco (BTS) de Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, en cinco sitios boscosos secundarios y tres bosques maduros. Se analizó el efecto de la clase de suelo sobre la estructura del bosque y la diversidad de especies arbóreas. Los ocho sitios sucesionales estaban localizados a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de regeneración (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 años) en la que se identificaron 17 pedones y seis órdenes de suelos con moderada a alta fertilidad, clasificados como Entisoles y Vertisoles, aunque los Mollisoles, Alfisoles, Inceptisoles y Ultisoles estuvieron presentes también. Se establecieron 130 parcelas de 10 por 50 m (0.05 ha), 20 en cada bosque secundario y 10 en cada bosque antiguo (6.5 ha en total), de acuerdo con la topografía. Se midió el diámetro a la altura de pecho (dap) de todos los individuos presentes en cada parcela, la altura dominante y el área basal (m2ha-1), usando dos poblaciones: latizales (dap ≥ 1 y Chronology of tropical dry forest regeneration in Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. II. Vegetation in relation to the soil. Tropical dry forest (TDF) succession was monitored in Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. We analyzed the effect of soil type on forest structure and diversity. Eight seasonally-dry TDF sites located along a successional chrono-sequence (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 years) were examined in relation to 17 soil pedons and six soil orders. Soils had moderate to high fertility and were classified as Entisols and Vertisols, although Mollisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Ultisols were also present. One-hundred and thirty 500 m2 plots were established, 20 plots in secondary and 10 plots in mature TDFsites. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height were measured for saplings (dbh ≥1 and <5 cm), shrubs and trees (dbh ≥5 cm). With the exception of two sites (40 and 60 years), soil type did not have significant effects on forest structure. However, tree diversity measured with Shannon-Wiener’s H’ and Fisher’s α rarefaction curves, showed substantial differences among soil types, which became accentuated in mature forests. This pattern might be explained by non-random distributions of TDF trees, the scale of the study, the plot shape, and the use of systematic sampling designs. Low-fertility sites in general had higher species richness, consistent with idea that more restrictive soils reduce competition among trees and allow co-existence of species with contrasting growth rates. Changes in soil properties along a chrono-sequence of Entisols indicated that trees may experience more severe water stress as succession progresses, which may require adjustments in biomass allocation and phenological behavior of the dominant species. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization is more pronounced in mature TDF forests, and that most TDF trees are generalists in relation to soil type, highly tolerant to site heterogeneity, and show little physiological specializations in response to edaphic heterogeneity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 817-836. Epub 2009 September 30.
