Kinetics of gas production in the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rumen fluid of lactating dairy cows

Abstract

Little is known about the effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on the fermentation potential of rumen fluid sampled from lactating dairy cows ingesting diets contaminated at regular levels of these mycotoxins (i.e., contamination levels that can normally be found on dairy farms). In the current experiment, rumen donor animals received diets contaminated with both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) with or without a mycotoxin-deactivating product. The rumen fluid donor animals were 12 lactating Holstein dairy cows that received one of 3 experimental diets in agreement with a 3 × 3 Latin square design (3 periods and 3 treatments). The 3 diets were as follows: (1) a TMR contaminated with a regular level of Fusarium mycotoxins [340.5 ± 161.0 µg of DON/kg of dry matter (DM) and 127.9 ± 43.9 µg of FB/kg of DM; control diet, CTR], (2) a TMR contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins at levels higher than CTR but below US and European Union guidelines (733.0 ± 213.6 µg of DON/kg of DM and 994.4 ± 323.2 µg of FB/kg of DM; MTX), and (3) the MTX diet (897.3 ± 230.4 µg of DON/kg of DM and 1,247.1 ± 370.2 µg of FB/kg of DM) supplemented with a mycotoxin-deactivator product (Mycofix, Biomin Holding GmbH; 35 g/animal per day; MDP). Each experimental period lasted 21 d, and rumen fluid was individually sampled from all cows on the last day of each intoxication period. Then, the 4 rumen fluids sampled from cows receiving the same experimental diets were pooled into a single rumen inoculum, which was used in the in vitro gas production test. For the gas production test, 3 different rumen inocula (i.e., CTR, MTX, and MDP) were buffered (buffer:rumen ratio of 2:1, vol/vol) and then used in 3 fermentation runs to evaluate gas production dynamics in the presence of 8 feeds (i.e., corn meal, barley meal, corn silage, sorghum silage, alfalfa hay, ryegrass hay, dry brewers barley grains, and dried distillers grains with solubles). The kinetic parameters of gas production and volatile fatty acid concentrations were evaluated at the end of fermentation. The block run (i.e., fermentation day) effect influenced all of the fermentative and kinetic parameters. Greater final volumes or rates of gas production over time were observed for MDP compared with MTX rumen inocula (i.e., 172.6 vs. 147.8 mL/g of organic matter or 0.078 vs. 0.063 h−1, respectively). However, the increase in rate of gas production was not consistent among tested feeds, meaning that a treatment by feed interaction was observed. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were not different among treatments, except for a slight increase of acetic acid in CTR compared with MTX (i.e., 71.0 vs. 67.9 mmol/L). This study showed that Fusarium-produced mycotoxins negatively affected the kinetics of gas production in feeds, whereas the presence of the mycotoxin-deactivator product in the diets of donor animals resulted in an increase in rumen fermentation potential, thus safeguarding the rumen environment.