An All-Solid-State Coaxial Structural Battery Using Sodium-Based Electrolyte

Abstract

The transition to a sustainable society is paramount and requires the electrification of vehicles, the grid, industry, data banks, wearables, and IoT. Here, we show an all-solid-state structural battery where a Na+-based ferroelectric glass electrolyte is combined with metallic electrodes/current collectors (no traditional cathode present at fabrication) and thin-ply carbon-fiber laminates to obtain a coaxial multifunctional beam. This new concept aims to optimize the volume of any hollow beam-like structure by integrating an electrochemical system capable of both harvesting thermal and storing electrical energy while improving its mechanical performance. The coaxial cell is a coaxial cable where the dielectric is ferroelectric. The electrochemical results demonstrated the capability of performing three-minute charges to one-day discharges (70 cycles) and long-lasting discharges (>40 days at 1 mA) showing an energy density of 56.2 Wh·L−1 and specific energy of 38.0 Wh·kg−1, including the whole volume and weight of the structural cell. This is the highest specific energy among safe structural cells, while no Na+-based structural cells were found in the literature. The mechanical tests, instead, highlighted the coaxial cell capabilities to withstand severe inelastic deformation without compromising its functionalities, while increasing the flexural strength of the hosting structure. Moreover, the absence of alkali metals and liquid electrolytes together with its enhanced thermal properties makes this coaxial structural battery a valid and safe alternative as an energy reservoir for all the applications where traditional lithium-ion batteries are not suitable.

Keywords

• structural batteries
• ferroelectric
• sodium solid electrolyte
• composite materials
• multifunctional materials