Model blood for simulating red thrombus formation owing to stagnant blood flow using hypercoagulable skim milk solution

Abstract

The thrombus formation process has yet to be fully simulated, which necessitates the design of a novel method for the quantitative assessment of device thrombogenicity that complements animal experiments/ex vivo experiments using animal blood and computational fluid dynamics analysis. This study aimed to develop a model blood capable of simulating the formation of red thrombus owing to stagnation of blood flow by applying the phenomenon of milk clot formation. To render the rheological properties of skim milk solution used as a model blood closer to those of human blood, the ratio of the amounts of casein in skim milk, calcium chloride, and rennet (constituents of the solution of the model blood) was varied and the rheological properties of the clot formation process of human blood and skim milk solution were measured using a cone-plate viscometer. Comparisons of the rheological properties of human blood and skim milk solutions during clotting revealed that during clot formation of human blood, four characteristic quantities of the time-series change in rheological properties were observed: the viscosity before clotting, coagulation start time, viscosity increase rate, and first yield viscosity. Further, hypercoagulable skim milk solutions with rheological properties similar to those of human blood were prepared by adjusting the solution composition ratio. When this model blood was circulated in a closed-loop circuit with a saccular aneurysm model, the growth rate of skim milk clot formation in the aneurysm model was significantly different in a flow diverter stent model and a micro-porous covered stent. The variation in porosity between these two stent models has a direct impact on the rate of embolisation. The proposed blood model can effectively replicate the formation of red thrombus, providing a valuable means to accurately and quantitatively assess the therapeutic efficacy of embolisation devices.

Keywords

• red thrombus
• hypercoagulable milk
• clotting
• coagulation
• model blood
• rheology
• flow stagnation
• in-vitro experiment