Household income is associated with attack frequency, but not with the prevalence of headache: an analysis of self-reported headache in the general population in Germany

Abstract

Abstract Background Headache disorders are among the most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide. However, whether groups differing in socioeconomic position (SEP) are disproportionately affected by headache disorders has not yet been adequately clarified. Our aim was to analyse (1) the headache prevalence by socioeconomic position (SEP) and (2) the attack frequency by SEP in a German population-based adult sample. Methods Cross-sectional data from a random general population were used. The sample included N = 2,189 participants aged ≥ 18 years. SEP was measured using net equivalised income (NEI) and education. A binary logistic regression model tested the effect of SEP in predicting the prevalence of headache in general. Ordinal logistic regressions were modeled to predict the effect of SEP on the likelihood of attack frequency. Attack frequency was categorized in low frequency episodic headache (LFEH: 0–3 days per month), moderate frequency episodic headache (MFEH: 4–14 days per month) and chronic headache (CH: ≥ 15 days per month). Results Of the 2,189 participants, 891 reported headache in the last six months. Neither income nor education was associated with headache prevalence. However, significant differences between income groups were found for attack frequency. Compared to participants with NEI > 150%, those with NEI < 60% were 5.21 times more likely (95%CI 2.03, 13.36) to experience higher headache frequency, and those with NEI between 60 and 150% were 2.29 times more likely (95%CI 1.02, 5.11), with adjustments made for a set of potential confounders, including depressive symptoms. Conclusions To reduce headache attacks, it is essential to address both low- and middle-income groups affected by headaches. Universal public health prevention campaigns are particularly appropriate.

Keywords

• Chronic headache
• Education
• Epiosodic headache
• Headache prevalence
• Headache frequency
• Household income