Assessing the Global Impact on the Mouse Kidney After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Transcriptomic Study

Abstract

Wei-Hung Chan,1,2 Yu-Juei Hsu,3 Chiao-Pei Cheng,1 Kuan-Nien Chou,2,4 Chin-Li Chen,5 Shih-Ming Huang,6 Wei-Chih Kan,7,8,* Yi-Lin Chiu6,* 1Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 2Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 4Department of Neurosurgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 5Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 6Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 7Department of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China; 8Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yi-Lin Chiu, Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Rm. 7323, 7F, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu Dist, Taipei City, 114201, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel [phone]#18828, Fax [phone], Email [email protected]: In this study, we use animal models combined with bioinformatics strategies to investigate the potential changes in overall renal transcriptional expression after traumatic brain injury.Methods: Microarray analysis was performed after kidney acquisition using unilateral controlled cortical impact as the primary mouse TBI model. Multi-oriented gene set enrichment analysis was performed for differentially expressed genes.Results: The results showed that TBI affected the gene set associated with mitochondria function in kidney cells, and a negative enrichment of gene sets associated with immune cell migration and epidermal development was also observed. Analysis of the disease phenotype gene set revealed that differential expression of mitochondria-related genes was associated with lactate metabolism. Alternatively, activation and adhesion of immune cells associated with the complement system may promote autoinflammation in kidney tissue. The simulated immune cell infiltration analysis showed an increase in the proportion of activated memory CD4 T cells and a decrease in the proportion of resting memory CD4 T cells, suggesting that activated memory CD4 T cell infiltration may be involved in the inflammation of renal tissue and cause damage to renal cells, such as principal cells, mesangial cells and loops of Henle cells.Conclusion: This study is the first to reveal the effects of brain trauma on the kidney. TBI may affect the expression of mitochondria function-related gene sets in renal cells by increasing lactate. It may also affect renal mesangial cells by inducing increased infiltration of immune cells through mechanisms related to complement system activation or autoimmune antibodies.Keywords: traumatic brain injury, nephropathy, complement system, lactate metabolism, immune cell infiltration

Keywords

• traumatic brain injury
• nephropathy
• complement system
• lactate metabolism
• immune cell infiltration.