Children of a syndemic: co‐occurring and mutually reinforcing adverse child health exposures in a prospective cohort of HIV‐affected mother‐infant dyads in Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Several HIV‐related syndemics have been described among adults. We investigated syndemic vulnerability to hazardous drinking (HD), intimate partner violence (IPV) and household food insecurity (HFIS) in breastfed children born without HIV in urban South Africa. We compared those who were perinatally HIV exposed (CHEU) to those who were not (CHU), under conditions of universal maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) and breastfeeding. Methods A prospective cohort of pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV), and without HIV, were enrolled and followed with their infants for 12 months postpartum (2013–2017). All WLHIV initiated antenatal efavirenz‐based ART. Measurements of growth (∼3 monthly), infectious cause hospitalisation, ambulatory childhood illness (2‐week recall) and neurodevelopment (BSID‐III, measured at ∼12 months’ age) were compared across bio‐social strata using generalised linear regression models, with interaction terms; maternal data included interview‐based measures for HD (AUDIT‐C), IPV (WHO VAW) and HFIS. Results Among 872 breastfeeding mother‐infant pairs (n = 461 CHEU, n = 411 CHU), WLHIV (vs. HIV negative) reported more unemployment (279/461, 60% vs. 217/411, 53%; p = 0.02), incomplete secondary education (347/461, 75% vs. 227/411, 55%; p 0.0001). There were positive interactions between maternal HIV and other characteristics. Compared to food secure CHU, the mean difference (95% CI) in weight‐for‐age Z‐score (WAZ) was 0.06 (−0.14; 0.25) for food insecure CHU; −0.26 (−0.42; −0.10) for food secure CHEU; and −0.43 (−0.61; −0.25), for food insecure CHEU. Results were similar for underweight (WAZ < −2), infectious‐cause hospitalisation, cognitive and motor delay. HIV‐IPV interactions were evident for ambulatory diarrhoea and motor delay. There were HIV‐HD interactions for odds of underweight, stunting, cognitive and motor delay. Compared to HD‐unexposed CHU, the odds ratios (95% CI) of underweight were 2.31 (1.11; 4.82) for HD‐exposed CHU; 3.57 (0.84; 15.13) for HD‐unexposed CHEU and 6.01 (2.22; 16.22) for HD‐exposed CHEU. Conclusions These data suggest that maternal HIV‐related syndemics may partly drive excess CHEU health risks, highlighting an urgent need for holistic maternal and family care and support alongside ART to optimise the health of CHEU.

Keywords

• HIV
• perinatology
• vertical transmission
• syndemic
• social determinants of health
• Africa