Framework for suicide prevention among college students in low- and middle-income countries

Abstract

Suicide prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) faces unique challenges due to limited epidemiological data and contextual variations. This article highlights the urgency of addressing suicide, the second leading cause of death among individuals aged 15 to 29 globally, emphasizing the heightened vulnerability during college years. While high-income countries (HICs) have established surveillance systems, LMICs struggle due to inadequate resources, cultural stigma, and competing health priorities. The scarcity of reliable data hinders the formulation of evidence-based prevention programs and national policies. The article advocates for the implementation of surveillance systems on university campuses, utilizing cost-effective online mental health surveys like the WHO International College Student Initiative. Understanding the etiology of suicidal behavior is crucial, with psychosocial stressors affecting both HIC and LMIC college students, but the latter facing additional challenges like gender-based violence and financial stress. Cultural nuances further necessitate qualitative research to design context-sensitive prevention interventions. Access to mental healthcare is identified as a key preventive measure, especially on campuses, but challenges persist in encouraging help-seeking behavior. Digital interventions are proposed as promising solutions, considering their efficacy and potential to bridge treatment gaps in resource-constrained environments.

Keywords

• mental health
• students
• stress
• student health services
• young adult
• college
• suicidal behaviour
• suicide, attempted
• suicidal ideation
• suicide prevention
• developing countries
• low- and middle-income countries
• pakistan