Bromelain inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 infection via targeting ACE‐2, TMPRSS2, and spike protein

• Satish Sagar,
• Ashok Kumar Rathinavel,
• William E. Lutz,
• Lucas R. Struble,
• Surender Khurana,
• Andy T. Schnaubelt,
• Nitish Kumar Mishra,
• Chittibabu Guda,
• Nicholas Y. Palermo,
• Mara J. Broadhurst,
• Tobias Hoffmann,
• Kenneth W. Bayles,
• St. Patrick M. Reid,
• Gloria E. O. Borgstahl,
• Prakash Radhakrishnan

Affiliations

Satish Sagar

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Ashok Kumar Rathinavel

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

William E. Lutz

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Lucas R. Struble

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Surender Khurana

Division of Viral Products Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) FDA Silver Spring Maryland USA

Andy T. Schnaubelt

Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Nitish Kumar Mishra

Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Chittibabu Guda

Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Nicholas Y. Palermo

Computational Chemistry Core University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Mara J. Broadhurst

Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Tobias Hoffmann

Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 4 (ZBS 4) Robert Koch Institute Berlin Germany

Kenneth W. Bayles

Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

St. Patrick M. Reid

Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Gloria E. O. Borgstahl

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA

Prakash Radhakrishnan

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA