زبان پژوهی (Jul 2024)
An overview of prosodic transcription systems: a comparison of the "Tones and Break Indices: ToBI" and " Rhythm and Pitch: RaP"
Abstract
The selection of the appropriate labeling system in any prosodic study depends on the research purpose. In the current research, we have reviewed the labeling system known as Tones and Break Indices (ToBI) (Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg, 1990) and its alternative labeling systems including Rhythm and Pitch (RaP) (Dilley, 2005; Dilley & Brown, 2005; Dilley et al., 2006). The problems of the ToBI system were summarized and presented. Furthermore, a review of the studies conducted on intonation in Persian using the ToBI system within the framework of Auto-segmental Metrical theory (AM) showed that the global problems of this system is also observable in its application for the analysis of Persian intonation patterns (e.g. Eslami, 2005; Sadeghi, 2018).Originally, the main goal of ToBI was to provide a standard transcription tool for labeling intonational features, including prominence patterns and prosodic structure of an utterance so that different users with different working fields could use and interpret each other's linguistic data. In the ToBI transcription system, L and H represent low and high tones, respectively. The diacritic * represents pitch accent, and % represents boundary tones (Beckman & Elam, 1997). This system was initially designed for transcribing the intonation and prosodic structure of English utterances (Silverman et al., 1992; Beckman & Hirschberg, 1994; Beckman & Ayers Elam, 1997; Beckman, Hirschberg, and Shattuck- Hufnagel 2005), as well as a few typologically different languages— for example, GToBI for German (Grice & Benzmüller, 1995), K- ToBI for Korean (Beckman & Jun, 1996; Jun 2000), and J_ToBI for Japanese (Venditti, 1997), and Persian (Eslami,2005). Jun (2022), Ladd (2022), and Dilley and Breen (2022) have identified the shortcomings and problems of the ToBI phonetic labeling system to create an International Prosodic Alphabet (IPrA) (Hualde & Prieto, 2016).The Rhythm and Pitch (RaP) system based on enhanced Auto-segmental Metrical theory (AM+) was proposed by Dilley and her colleagues (Dilley, 2005; Dilley & Brown, 2005; Dilley et al., 2006; Dilley & Breen, 2012) to overcome the difficulties of ToBI in showing variations and gradation of the categories and to emphasize the importance of distinguishing rhythmic or metrical prominence from pitch prominence. In this system, pitch information is labeled as three tonal targets (H, L, E) and compared to the previous pitch pattern (higher, lower, or equal to it) in the speech signal. Therefore, labels in RaP have a phonetic representation. Metrical prominence (at three levels of strong, weak, and none) and prosodic structure (at two levels, intonational phrase (IP) and intermediate phrase (ip)) are labeled in the rhythm layer. Although RaP was presented as a “method of transcribing rhythm and related pitch in English” (Dilley and Brown, 2005 p, 2), the concepts and principles of this system can be applied to other languages.
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