Transcutaneous canine breast cancer detection in Tunisia: a pilot study

Abstract

Abstract Background Breast cancer in Tunisia is often diagnosed at a late stage with long delay in time to consultation and to diagnosis.The aim of this study is to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the transcutaneous breast cancer detection by canine olfactionin Tunisian women and to identify the potential confounding factors. Methods This is a diagnostic case control study that took place from October 2021 to November 2022 in the Department of Medical Oncology at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and in the security and training dog center located in Sousse (K9 Dog Center Security & Training). A two-year-old male Belgian Malinois was trained to detect breast cancer on skin secretion samples in compresses that had been worn overnight by women on their breast and then a double-blind testing was performed. There was no contact between women and the dog. From the mentioned responses of the dog, four parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Results Two hundred women were included in this trial: 100 breast cancer (BC) patients recruited from Farhat Hached University Hospital of Sousse and 100 healthy volunteers (HV).The calculated sensitivity was 84% (95% CI 78–89%) and the calculated specificity was 81% (95% CI 75–86%). The calculated predictive values were: PPV = 83,51% (95% CI 78,37–88,65%) and NPV = 81,55% (95% CI 76.17–86.93%). In the multivariate study, only four confounding factors of test’s sensitivity were retained: age (OR = 1.210 [95% CI = 1.085–1.349]; p = 0.001), history of diabetes(OR = 0.017 [95% CI = 0.001–0.228]; p = 0.002), sampling at hospital (OR = 0.010 [95% CI = 0.003–0.464]; p = 0.010) and testing during chemotherapy courses (OR = 0.034 [95% CI = 0.003–0.404]; p = 0.007).For test’s specificity, we retained the three following confounding factors: age (OR = 1,104 [95% CI = 1.021–1.195]; p = 0.014), history of benign mastopathy (OR = 0.243 [95% CI = 0.074–0.805]; p = 0.021)and history of arterial hypertension (OR = 0.194 [95% CI = 0.053–0.707]; p = 0.013). Conclusion This is a pilot study that opens new avenues in developing a reliable cancer diagnostic tool that integrates the dog's olfactory ability to detect breast cancer using a transcutaneous sampling method. It could be a pre-test to select patients who are eligible to a screening mammogram, especially in low-income countries where there is no national mammography screening program. Pactr.org identifier PACTR202201864472288, registration date 11/01/2022.

Keywords

• Cancer
• Diagnosis
• Smell
• Working dogs
• Cancer screening test