The GRP94 Inhibitor PU-WS13 Decreases M2-like Macrophages in Murine TNBC Tumors: A Pharmaco-Imaging Study with ^99mTc-Tilmanocept SPECT

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancers and is not eligible for hormone and anti-HER2 therapies. Identifying therapeutic targets and associated biomarkers in TNBC is a clinical challenge to improve patients’ outcome and management. High infiltration of CD206+ M2-like macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME) indicates poor prognosis and survival in TNBC patients. As we previously showed that membrane expression of GRP94, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, was associated with the anti-inflammatory profile of human PBMC-derived M2 macrophages, we hypothesized that intra-tumoral CD206+ M2 macrophages expressing GRP94 may represent innovative targets in TNBC for theranostic purposes. We demonstrate in a preclinical model of 4T1 breast tumor-bearing BALB/c mice that (i) CD206-expressing M2-like macrophages in the TME of TNBC can be specifically detected and quantified using in vivo SPECT imaging with 99mTc-Tilmanocept, and (ii) the inhibition of GRP94 with the chemical inhibitor PU-WS13 induces a decrease in CD206-expressing M2-like macrophages in TME. This result correlated with reduced tumor growth and collagen content, as well as an increase in CD8+ cells in the TME. 99mTc-Tilmanocept SPECT imaging might represent an innovative non-invasive strategy to quantify CD206+ tumor-associated macrophages as a biomarker of anti-GRP94 therapy efficacy and TNBC tumor aggressiveness.

Keywords

• GRP94
• M2-like macrophages
• triple-negative breast cancer
• PU-WS13
• SPECT imaging
• biomarker