Kalman–Hatch dual‐filter integrating global navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system/on‐board diagnostics/altimeter for precise positioning in urban canyons

Abstract

Abstract For improved positioning in urban canyons, this study proposes an efficient dual‐filter method integrating multi‐constellation global navigation satellite system (GNSS), an inertial navigation system (INS), a barometric altimeter and an on‐board diagnostics (OBD) module. The proposed method consists of a position‐domain (PD) Hatch filter and velocity Kalman filter. The Hatch filter is operated as the main positioning filter and the Kalman filter is operated as a sub‐filter to aid the main filter for the occasional GNSS outages. The Hatch filter combines barometric altimeter measurements with GNSS pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. The Kalman filter integrates the inertial measurement unit (IMU) measurements with GNSS Doppler shift and OBD speed measurements. A semi‐simulation method is applied for the accurate performance evaluation of the proposed method compared with the several conventional methods under deficient satellite visibility, multipath errors and cycle slips caused by urban canyons. By the test results, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can bound the positioning errors effectively by utilising low‐cost all‐weather sensors. The RMSEs of the proposed Kalman–Hatch dual‐filter algorithm were shown as 0.05, 0.19 and 0.11 m, respectively, and the maximum errors were shown as 0.16, 0.26 and 0.40 m, respectively, in the east, north and upward directions.

Keywords

• altimeters
• Doppler shift
• Global Positioning System
• Kalman filters
• radio receivers
• filtering theory