Frontiers in Public Health (Apr 2023)
Availability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Miao Zhang,
- Miao Zhang,
- Miao Zhang,
- Miao Zhang,
- Miao Zhang,
- Kun Zou,
- Kun Zou,
- Kun Zou,
- Kun Zou,
- Zheng Liu,
- Zheng Liu,
- Zheng Liu,
- Zheng Liu,
- Zheng Liu,
- Dan Liu,
- Dan Liu,
- Dan Liu,
- Dan Liu,
- Dan Liu,
- Xiuli Wang,
- Yuqing Shi,
- Yuqing Shi,
- Yuqing Shi,
- Yuqing Shi,
- Yuqing Shi,
- Zhe Chen,
- Zhe Chen,
- Zhe Chen,
- Zhe Chen,
- Zhe Chen,
- Xiao Cheng,
- Xiao Cheng,
- Xiao Cheng,
- Xiao Cheng,
- Bingchen Lang,
- Bingchen Lang,
- Bingchen Lang,
- Bingchen Lang,
- Hailong Li,
- Hailong Li,
- Hailong Li,
- Hailong Li,
- Linan Zeng,
- Linan Zeng,
- Linan Zeng,
- Linan Zeng,
- Yong Tang,
- Shaoyang Zhao,
- Yongmu Jiang,
- Imti Choonara,
- Lingli Zhang,
- Lingli Zhang,
- Lingli Zhang,
- Lingli Zhang,
- Lingli Zhang
Affiliations
- Miao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Miao Zhang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Miao Zhang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Miao Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Kun Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Kun Zou
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Kun Zou
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Kun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zheng Liu
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zheng Liu
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Zheng Liu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Dan Liu
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Dan Liu
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Dan Liu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xiuli Wang
- Healthcare Evaluation and Organizational Analysis (HEOA) Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yuqing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yuqing Shi
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yuqing Shi
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Yuqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Yuqing Shi
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zhe Chen
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zhe Chen
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Zhe Chen
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xiao Cheng
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xiao Cheng
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Xiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Bingchen Lang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Bingchen Lang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Bingchen Lang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Bingchen Lang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Hailong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hailong Li
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hailong Li
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Hailong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Linan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Linan Zeng
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Linan Zeng
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Linan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Yong Tang
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Shaoyang Zhao
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yongmu Jiang
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Imti Choonara
- Academic Division of Child Health, University of Nottingham, Derbyshire Children's Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lingli Zhang
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lingli Zhang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Lingli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Lingli Zhang
- 0Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149838
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 11
Abstract
BackgroundEssential medicines are the backbone of healthcare and meet the priority healthcare needs of the population. However, approximately one-third of the global population does not have access to essential medicines. Although China formulated essential medicine policies in 2009, the progress of availability of essential medicines and regional variations remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decade.MethodsWe searched eight databases from their inception to February 2022, relevant websites, and reference lists of included studies. Two reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias independently. Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution.ResultsOverall 36 cross-sectional studies conducted from 2009 to 2019 were included, with regional data for 14 provinces. The availability of essential medicines in 2015–2019 [28.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 26.4–29.9%] was similar to that in 2009–2014 (29.4%, 95% CI: 27.5–31.3%); lower in the Western region (19.8%, 95% CI: 18.1–21.5%) than Eastern (33.8%, 95% CI: 31.6–36.1%) and Central region (34.5%, 95% CI: 30.6–38.5%); very low for 8 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) categories (57.1%), and low for 5 categories (35.7%) among all ATC groups.ConclusionThe availability of essential medicines in China is low compared with the World Health Organization goal, has not changed much in the last decade, is unequal across regions, and lacks data for half of provinces. For policy-making, the monitoring system of the availability of essential medicines is to be strengthened to enable long-term surveillance, especially in provinces where the data has been missing. Meanwhile, Joint efforts from all stakeholders are warranted to improve the availability of essential medicines in China toward the universal health coverage target.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=315267, identifier: PROSPERO CRD42022315267.
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