Legume root symbioses: Natural history and prospects for improvement

Abstract

Legumes develop different mutually beneficial microbial-root symbioses such as arbuscular mysorrhiza (AM), rhizobium-legume symbiosis (RLS) and epiphytic or endophytic associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) which are distinguished in level of integration of the partners. Evidences of the role of AM as ancestral form of symbiosis which might be a source of the legume pre-adaptation to form some RLS are demonstrated. The RLS is supposed to evolve for a few times in ancient legumes in parallel ways based on the universal organization and regulatory mechanisms of the plant genetic material. Associations of plant roots with PGPB probably are the vestige of the early stages of evolution in morphologically differentiated RLS. Also, it is quite possible that 'first' rhizobia have originated from bacterial endosymbionts of AM fungi; then AM fungi might operate as effective vectors for introducing bacteria into the plants. Thus, the legume root symbioses may be considered as a single 'evolutionary plant-microbial continuum'. The acquired knowledge about evolution of plantmicrobe symbioses would contribute to the creation of new commercial varieties of plants with the use of both bio-engineered methods and traditional plant breeding. An original conception of legume breeding to improve their symbiotic effectiveness is proposed.

Keywords

• legumes
• rhizobia
• Rhizobium-Legume symbiosis (RLS)
• nitrogen-fixing nodule
• arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)
• pre-adaptations
• symbiotic specificity
• mutualism
• reciprocal altruism
• symbiotic effectiveness
• plant breeding