Aloesin ameliorates hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in neonatal mice by suppressing TLR4‐mediated neuroinflammation

Abstract

Abstract Background At present, neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), especially moderate to severe HIE, is a challenging disease for neonatologists to treat, and new alternative/complementary treatments are urgently needed. The neuroinflammatory cascade triggered by hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) insult is one of the core pathological mechanisms of HIE. Early inhibition of neuroinflammation provides long‐term neuroprotection. Plant‐derived monomers have impressive anti‐inflammatory effects. Aloesin (ALO) has been shown to have significant anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects in diseases such as ulcerative colitis, but its role in HIE is unclear. To this end, we conducted a series of experiments to explore the potential mechanism of ALO in preventing and treating brain damage caused by HI insult. Materials and Methods Hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage (HIBD) was induced in 7‐day‐old Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, which were then treated with 20 mg/kg ALO. The neuroprotective effects of ALO on HIBD and the underlying mechanism were evaluated through neurobehavioral testing, infarct size measurement, apoptosis detection, protein and messenger RNA level determination, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking. Results ALO alleviated the long‐term neurobehavioral deficits caused by HI insult; reduced the extent of cerebral infarction; inhibited cell apoptosis; decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α; activated microglia and astrocytes; and downregulated the protein expression of members in the TLR4 signaling pathway. In addition, molecular docking showed that ALO can bind stably to TLR4. Conclusion ALO ameliorated HIBD in neonatal mice by inhibiting the neuroinflammatory response mediated by TLR4 signaling.

Keywords

• Aloesin
• hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage
• neuroinflammation
• TLR4