BMJ Open Ophthalmology (Sep 2021)
Socioeconomic risk factors and age-related macular degeneration in the UK Biobank study
- Martin McKibbin,
- Tariq Aslam,
- Sarah Barman,
- Jenny Barrett,
- Paul Bishop,
- Peter Blows,
- Catey Bunce,
- Roxana Carare,
- Usha Chakravarthy,
- Michelle Chan,
- David Crabb,
- Philippa Cumberland,
- Alexander Day,
- Parul Desai,
- Bal Dhillon,
- Andrew Dick,
- Cathy Egan,
- Sarah Ennis,
- Marcus Fruttiger,
- John Gallacher,
- Jane Gibson,
- Dan Gore,
- Jeremy Guggenheim,
- Chris Hammond,
- Alison Hardcastle,
- Simon Harding,
- Ruth Hogg,
- Pirro Hysi,
- Anthony Khawaja,
- Gerassimos Lascaratos,
- Andrew Lotery,
- Phil Luthert,
- Tom Macgillivray,
- Sarah Mackie,
- Keith Martin,
- Michelle Mcgaughey,
- Bernadette Mcguinness,
- Danny Mitry,
- Tony Moore,
- James Morgan,
- Zaynah Muthy,
- Chris Owen,
- Praveen Patel,
- Euan Paterson,
- Tunde Peto,
- Axel Petzold,
- Jugnoo Rahi,
- Alicja Rudnicka,
- Jay Self,
- Sobha Sivaprasad,
- David Steel,
- Irene Stratton,
- Nicholas Strouthidis,
- Cathie Sudlow,
- Caroline Thaung,
- Dhanes Thomas,
- Emanuele Trucco,
- Adnan Tufail,
- Veronique Vitart,
- Stephen Vernon,
- Ananth Viswanathan,
- Jayne Woodside,
- Max Yates,
- Yalin Zheng,
- Cathy Williams,
- Paul J Foster,
- Katie Williams,
- David Garway-Heath,
- Eoin O'Sullivan,
- Jennifer Lai Yee Yip,
- Sharon Chua,
- Pearse Keane,
- Sir Khaw
Affiliations
- Martin McKibbin
- Tariq Aslam
- Sarah Barman
- 3 School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston upon Thames, London, UK
- Jenny Barrett
- Paul Bishop
- Peter Blows
- Catey Bunce
- King’s College London
- Roxana Carare
- Usha Chakravarthy
- 12 Ophthalmology, Queen`s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Michelle Chan
- David Crabb
- 26Division of Optometry & Visual Science, City University, London, UK
- Philippa Cumberland
- Alexander Day
- Parul Desai
- Bal Dhillon
- Andrew Dick
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cathy Egan
- Sarah Ennis
- Marcus Fruttiger
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- John Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Jane Gibson
- Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dan Gore
- Jeremy Guggenheim
- Chris Hammond
- Alison Hardcastle
- Simon Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Ruth Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Pirro Hysi
- Anthony Khawaja
- 3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Gerassimos Lascaratos
- Andrew Lotery
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Phil Luthert
- Tom Macgillivray
- 5 Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queens Medical Research Institution, Edinburgh, UK
- Sarah Mackie
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Keith Martin
- founding executive director
- Michelle Mcgaughey
- Bernadette Mcguinness
- Centre for Public Health, Queen`s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Danny Mitry
- 1Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Tony Moore
- James Morgan
- Cardiff Centre for Vision Sciences, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Zaynah Muthy
- 1 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Chris Owen
- Praveen Patel
- Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London, UK
- Euan Paterson
- Tunde Peto
- 15 Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Queen`s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Axel Petzold
- MS Center and Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Jugnoo Rahi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
- Alicja Rudnicka
- 6 Population Health Research Institute, St Georges Medical School, University of London, London, UK
- Jay Self
- 3 Southampton Eye Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- David Steel
- Centre for Sample Survey Methodology, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Irene Stratton
- 2Patient Representative, UK
- Nicholas Strouthidis
- National Institute of Health Research, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Cathie Sudlow
- 6 Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh Usher, Edinburgh, UK
- Caroline Thaung
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Dhanes Thomas
- 3Moorfields Eye Hospital, Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE Project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Adnan Tufail
- 2Medical Retina Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Veronique Vitart
- 4Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Stephen Vernon
- Ananth Viswanathan
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHSFT and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology
- Jayne Woodside
- Queen`s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Max Yates
- 1University of East Anglia, Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Yalin Zheng
- 1University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, 2 Vine Street, Liverpool, MSY L7 8TX, UK
- Cathy Williams
- 8 Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Paul J Foster
- 3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Katie Williams
- Core Trainee in Emergency Medicine
- David Garway-Heath
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Eoin O'Sullivan
- Ophthalmology, King`s College Hospital NHS, London, UK
- Jennifer Lai Yee Yip
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Sharon Chua
- Pearse Keane
- 1Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Sir Khaw
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000585
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 6,
no. 1
Abstract
Objective There is contrasting evidence on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual impairment (VI) in developed countries. This study examines the relationship between SES, cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported AMD.Methods and analysis Over 500000 people participated in the UK Biobank study from 2006 to 2019, with sociodemographic data and clinical measurements collected using standardised procedures. Visual acuity was measured in 117907 participants with VI defined as LogMAR ≤0.3. We used logistic regression to examine the cross-sectional associations between SES and self-reported AMD.Results Self-reported AMD was available for 133339 participants aged 50 and older. People reporting AMD had higher academic qualifications, lower income, were unable to work due to disability, have higher BMI, diabetes and vascular heart disease after adjusting for age and sex. In a multivariable analysis, higher income was protective of AMD and economic inactivity due to disability increased the odds of AMD (2.02, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.61). Both associations were independent of cardiovascular factors, but was no longer significant after adjusting for VI.Conclusions The association between education, employment and household income with AMD was independent of cardiovascular risk factors.
