An Integrated Systems Thinking Approach for Assessing and Comparing the Safety of Hydrogen and Ammonia Storage

Abstract

The increasing global demand for cleaner energy sources implies the use of H2 which poses significant safety issues. One of the major safety issues in H2 management is the storage, based on extreme condition technology (high pressure and/or very low temperatures). Alternatively, instead of H2, ammonia may be used since storage of NH3 is much simpler from a technological point of view. From a safety point, the comparison between the risk of H2 storage and NH3 storage has still to be understood. The energy (H2) sector worldwide is a dynamic and complex system, relying on the mutual interactions between different factors like safety, risk, sustainability, political and social decisions, and economic impact. The understanding and management of global behaviour can be obtained by taking into account all the interactions among these factors. In order to deal with such complex systems, system thinking, and system dynamics approaches could be developed and used. The present work aims to develop an integrated Systems Thinking approach for assessing and managing the safety of storage systems with a particular focus on the comparison between hydrogen and ammonia. The developed models integrate the complex interdependencies considering material properties, environmental conditions, and storage infrastructure. Systems Thinking is used for mapping the intricate network of interdependencies, considering storage vessel design, regulatory frameworks, and emergency response plans. Therefore, by adopting this holistic perspective, potential vulnerabilities and leverage points of the system are identified which lead to improving the overall safety of gas storage systems. Additionally, this research explores the dynamic behaviour of safe storage under different scenarios, including temperature fluctuations, pressure changes, and potential leaks. The development of System Dynamics-based models offers valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers alike. The integration of a Systems Thinking approach allows for a better understanding of the complex interactions involved in the safe storage of these technologies for informed decision-making and advancements in gas storage technologies.