Lack of vitamin D signalling shifts skeletal muscles towards oxidative metabolism

Abstract

Abstract Background Mice lacking vitamin D receptor (VDR) exhibit a glycogen storage disorder, disrupting carbohydrate utilization in muscle. Here, we asked if the defective carbohydrate metabolism alters the fat utilization by the skeletal muscles of vdr−/− mice. Methods To check the effect of high‐fat‐containing diets on muscle mass and metabolism of vdr−/− mice, we subjected them to two different milk fat‐based diets (milk fat diet with 60% of energy from milk fat and milk‐based diet [MBD] with 37% of energy from milk fat) and lard‐based high‐fat diet (HFD) containing 60% of energy from lard fat. Skeletal muscles and pancreas from these mice were analysed using RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot to understand the changes in signalling and metabolic pathways. Microscopic analyses of cryosections stained with haematoxylin and eosin, BODIPY, succinate dehydrogenase and periodic acid–Schiff reagent were performed to understand changes in morphology and metabolism of muscle fibres and pancreatic islets. Results Transcriptomic analyses showed that the skeletal muscles of vdr−/− mice exhibit upregulation of the fatty acid oxidation pathways, suggesting a shift towards increased lipid utilization even in a carbohydrate‐enriched regular chow diet (chow). Two different milk fat‐enriched diets restored body weight (12.01 ± 0.33 g in chow vs. 17.99 ± 0.62 g in MBD) and muscle weights (38.58 ± 3.84 mg in chow vs. 110.72 ± 1.96 mg in MBD for gastrocnemius [GAS]) of vdr−/− mice. Muscle ATP levels (0.56 ± 0.18 μmol in chow vs. 1.48 ± 0.08 μmol in MBD) and protein synthesis (0.25 ± 0.04 A.U. in chow vs. 2.02 ± 0.06 A.U. in MBD) were upregulated by MBD. However, despite increasing muscle energy levels, HFD failed to restore the muscle mass and cross‐sectional area to that of wild‐type (WT) mice (104.95 ± 2.6 mg for WT mice on chow vs. 77.26 ± 1.7 mg for vdr−/− mice on HFD for GAS). Moreover, HFD disrupted glucose homeostasis in vdr−/− mice, while MBD restored it. We further analysed insulin response and pancreatic insulin levels of these mice to show that HFD led to reduced insulin levels in pancreatic beta cells of vdr−/− mice (mean intensity of 1.5 × 10−8 for WT mice on chow vs. 4.3 × 10−9 for vdr−/− mice on HFD). At the same time, MBD restored glucose‐stimulated pancreatic insulin response (mean intensity of 9.2 × 10−9). Conclusions Skeletal muscles of vdr−/− mice are predisposed to utilize fatty acids as their primary energy source to circumvent their defective carbohydrate utilization. Thus, HFDs could restore energy levels in the skeletal muscles of vdr−/− mice. This study reveals that when mice are subjected to a lard‐based HFD, VDR signalling is essential for maintaining insulin levels in pancreatic islets. Our data show a critical role of VDR in muscle metabolic flexibility and pancreatic insulin response.

Keywords

• energy metabolism
• glucose homeostasis
• insulin
• milk fat diet
• skeletal muscle
• VDR