Arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency in Mexico: Enzymatic activity and haplotype analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD, OMIM 250100) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the ARSA gene (OMIM 607574) that lead to deficiency in Arylsulfatase A (ASA). ASA pseudodeficiency (PD‐ASA) is a biochemical condition that substantially diminishes ASA activity but is not associated with clinical manifestations. PD‐ASA is associated with the c.1055A>G (p.Asn352Ser) (rs2071421) and c.*96A>G (rs6151429) variants, which have an estimated frequency of 2% in the population. Objective To determine the activity of Arylsulfatase A and to identify variants and haplotypes in the ARSA gene in Mexican individuals with pseudodeficiency. Methods Two‐hundred apparently healthy individuals were included to determine the enzymatic activity of ASA in leukocytes by spectrophotometric analysis, and identification of the PD‐ASA alleles was performed by PCR‐RFLP assays. Genotypes were confirmed by semi‐automated Sanger sequencing. Haplotypes were constructed using Arlequin v.10.04, and linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed with Cube X. Results The enzymatic activity of ASA was determined to be 1.74–2.09 nmol/mg protein/min and later correlated with genotypes and haplotypes. For the (p.Asn352Ser) variant, we found 126 (0.63) individuals with the AA genotype, 62 with AG (0.31) and 12 with GG (0.06); the frequency of the polymorphic allele was 0.215 (86 alleles, 21.5%), and the variant was in HWE (p = .2484). The variant c.*96A>G was also in HWE (p = .2105): 185 individuals (0.925) with the AA genotype, 14 (0.07) with AG, and 1 (0.005) with (GG), with a frequency of 0.04 (4%) for the polymorphic allele. The inference of haplotypes resulted in 312 (0.78) AA, 72 (0.18) GA, and 16 (0.04) GG haplotypes. The AG haplotype was not found. The variants were found to be in linkage disequilibrium (D' = 1). Of the nine possible diplotypes, AA/AG, AA/GG, and AG/GG were not found, in concordance with the hypothesis that the G allele of c.*96A>G does not occur in the absence of the G allele of c.1055A>G. We found a slight correlation between ASA biochemical activity and variants, mainly due to the G allele of c.*96A>G in either genotypes or haplotypes. Conclusions In Northwestern Mexico, the presence of PD‐ASA alleles was biochemically and molecularly determined, and the frequencies were found to be in HWE. The frequency of PD‐ASA for the North Western Mexican mestizo is 8%.

Keywords

• Arylsulfatase A
• enzyme activity
• haplotypes
• metachromatic leukodystrophy
• pseudodeficiency