A Novel 3D-bioprinted Porous Nano Attapulgite Scaffolds with Good Performance for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Zehao Wang,1 Aiping Hui,2 Hongbin Zhao,3 Xiaohan Ye,4 Chao Zhang,1 Aiqin Wang2 *,* Changqing Zhang1 ** 1Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China; 3Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou 213000, People’s Republic of China; 4Beijing Tiantan Biological Products Co., Ltd, Beijing 100000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Aiqin WangKey Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel [phone]Fax [phone]Email [email protected] ZhangDepartment of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaTel [phone]Fax [phone]Email [email protected]: Natural clay nanomaterials are an emerging class of biomaterial with great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, most notably for osteogenesis.Materials and Methods: Herein, for the first time, novel tissue engineering scaffolds were prepared by 3D bioprinter using nontoxic and bioactive natural attapulgite (ATP) nanorods as starting materials, with polyvinyl alcohol as binder, and then sintered to obtain final scaffolds. The microscopic morphology and structure of ATP particles and scaffolds were observed by transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. In vitro biocompatibility and osteogenesis with osteogenic precursor cell (hBMSCs) were assayed using MTT method, Live/Dead cell staining, alizarin red staining and RT-PCR. In vivo bone regeneration was evaluated with micro-CT and histology analysis in rat cranium defect model.Results: We successfully printed a novel porous nano-ATP scaffold designed with inner channels with a dimension of 500 μm and wall structures with a thickness of 330 μm. The porosity of current 3D-printed scaffolds ranges from 75% to 82% and the longitudinal compressive strength was up to 4.32± 0.52 MPa. We found firstly that nano-ATP scaffolds with excellent biocompatibility for hBMSCscould upregulate the expression of osteogenesis-related genes bmp2 and runx2 and calcium deposits in vitro. Interestingly, micro-CT and histology analysis revealed abundant newly formed bone was observed along the defect margin, even above and within the 3D bioprinted porous ATP scaffolds in a rat cranial defect model. Furthermore, histology analysis demonstrated that bone was formed directly following a process similar to membranous ossification without any intermediate cartilage formation and that many newly formed blood vessels are within the pores of 3D-printed scaffolds at four and eight weeks.Conclusion: These results suggest that the 3D-printed porous nano-ATP scaffolds are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering by osteogenesis and angiogenesis.Keywords: attapulgite, 3D-printing, porous scaffold, bone regeneration, nanomaterial, bone tissue engineering

Keywords

• attapulgite
• 3d-printing
• porous scaffold
• bone regeneration
• nanomaterial
• bone tissue engineering