Depth perception between dots and the background face reduces trypophobic discomfort

Abstract

Abstract Background Studies have shown that viewing a cluster of dots evokes feelings of discomfort in viewers and that the discomfort becomes especially strong when the dots are placed on background images of human skin. This phenomenon has been explained by the physical properties and spatial and semantic relationships between the dots and the background. However, it was not known whether the perceived, as well as the physical, spatial relationships contributes to the generation of discomfort. Methods We evoked illusory depth perception between black dots and the background face by drawing shadow-like gray dots around the black dots, while keeping the same black dots at the same positions, and examined whether illusory depth perception could increase or decrease discomfort. In each trial, participants viewed one of the following types of facial images: (a) face-only (face without dots), (b) a cluster of black dots on the face, (c) a cluster of gray dots on the face, and (d) a cluster of black dots and shadow-like gray dots on the face. After seeing each picture, they evaluated how much discomfort they felt from viewing the picture using a Likert scale and reported whether they perceived depth between the dots and the face. Results Participants felt discomfort toward all three types of faces with dots, that is, faces with black dots, gray dots, and both. However, interestingly, participants felt less discomfort when both black and gray dots were presented on the face than when only black dots were presented. The participants perceived depth between the black dots and the face in 85% of the trials with black dots and shadow-like gray dots, and there was a significant correlation between discomfort and frequency of depth perception. However, in the trials with black dots only and gray dots only, they perceived depth in only 18% and 27% of the trials, respectively, and the correlations between the frequencies of depth perception and discomfort were not significant. Conclusions Our results suggest that the perceived spatial relationship, such as attached vs. separate, as well as the physical spatial relationship, contribute to the generation of discomfort.

Keywords

• Trypophobia
• Perception of shadow and depth
• Visual system
• Visual discomfort
• Dot pattern