Preanesthetic effect of orphenadrine on the ketamine/xylazine mixture in a chick model

Abstract

Preanesthetic drugs play an essential role in general anesthesia for smooth induction and recovery and have multiple pharmacodynamic properties; however, they are considered blockers of histamine receptor type 1. The fundamental goal was to determine the properties of orphenadrine as a pre-anesthetic in a chick model. Healthy, unsexed chicks were used. Up-and-down methods determined the safety profile of orphenadrine for the average lethal dose and the average analgesic dose. We administered orphenadrine at different doses and times. We then calculated the onset, duration, and recovery of anesthesia using xylazine and ketamine, as well as the body temperature and breathing rate of the chicks that had undergone general anesthesia. The median lethal dose was 121.10±8.49 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP), and the median analgesic dose was 2.49±0.21 mg/kg IP. Orphenadrine at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg produced analgesia in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of orphenadrine at 5 mg/kg and IP at different times significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia for xylazine and ketamine in a time-dependent manner, and body temperature and breathing rate were significantly decreased in the lateral recumbency situation in comparison with pre-lateral recumbency and post-lateral recumbency (recovery). Orphenadrine at 5,10, and 20 mg/kg, IP followed by 30 minutes produced a significant decrease in the onset of anesthesia, prolonged duration, and shortened recovery time compared with ketamine and xylazine alone. Orphenadrine also made a significant decrease in body temperature before lateral recumbency compared with xylazine and ketamine. Body temperature and breathing rate were significantly lower in lateral recumbency than in pre- and post-lateral recumbency. Conclusion: Orphenadrine is a safe drug because of the wide range between the average lethal and analgesic doses. It is also a good preanesthetic drug that prolongs the duration of anesthesia and shortens the recovery time in a Chick's model. However, because it has a hypothermic property, it must be used with caution when used as a preanesthetic.

Keywords

• onset of anesthesia
• breathing rate
• body temperature
• chicks
• orphenadrine