Interactive effect of diabetes mellitus and subclinical MRI markers of cerebrovascular disease on cognitive decline and incident dementia: a memory-clinic study

Abstract

Abstract Background Cognitive impairment is an increasingly recognized comorbidity of diabetes, yet the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. This knowledge gap has contributed to conflicting findings regarding the impact of diabetes on long-term cognitive outcomes in older adults. The presence of cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) may potentially modify this relationship. However, interactive effect between diabetes and subclinical MRI markers of CeVD on cognitive trajectories and incident dementia remains unexplored. Methods A total of 654 participants underwent brain MRI at baseline, from whom 614 with at least one follow-up were selected for longitudinal analysis. Cognitive tests were performed annually up to 5 years. CeVD markers of interest were lacunes, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical microinfarcts (CMIs), intracranial stenosis (ICS), and cortical infarcts. Blood-based Alzheimer biomarkers, including p-tau181 and p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio, were used as indicators of Alzheimer pathology. Results At baseline, diabetes was associated with lower cognitive performance and higher burden of CeVD, but not p-tau181 or p-tau181/Aβ42 ratio. Longitudinally, we found an interactive effect of diabetes and WMHs, rather than an independent effect of diabetes, on cognitive decline and dementia risk. Subgroup analyses showed association of diabetes with cognitive outcomes was stronger in participants with high WMHs load but non-significant in those with low WMHs load. Moreover, these associations remained unchanged after adjusting for blood-based Alzheimer biomarkers. Conclusions The effect of diabetes on cognitive decline is contingent upon the presence of WMHs and independent of Alzheimer’s pathology. This finding raises the possibility of utilizing WMHs as an imaging biomarker to identify diabetic subgroup at greater risk of developing cognitive impairment. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions targeting WMHs may prevent cognitive deterioration in older adults with diabetes.

Keywords

• Diabetes
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Cognitive dysfunction