Exploring non-canonical targets in Alzheimer’s disease: a departure from the norm

Abstract

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by neurological impairments such as visual and sensory difficulties, motor dysfunction, sphincter issues, incoordination, gait abnormalities, and cognitive decline. Despite advances in understanding AD pathophysiology and the expansion of therapeutic options over the past three decades, the disease remains incurable. Current therapies, even those specifically targeting AD, often fail to significantly alter its progression, underscoring the need for innovative treatment approaches beyond symptomatic relief. This calls for a re-examination of AD pathology to identify potential therapeutic targets that go beyond conventional strategies. This review highlights four of the most promising non-canonical therapeutic targets: oligodendrocytes, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), neuroimmunometabolism, and the coagulation system. These components are crucial for maintaining the integrity and proper function of neurons and the brain, playing key roles in the progression of AD. Oligodendrocytes, for example, are essential for myelination and neuronal support, while BBB dysfunction can lead to impaired clearance of toxic proteins. Neuroimmunometabolism offers insights into how metabolic processes influence immune responses in the brain and dysregulation of the coagulation system has been linked to increased neuroinflammation and vascular abnormalities in AD. Recent discoveries in these fields provide new avenues for understanding the disease and identifying potential therapeutic targets. By exploring these non-canonical pathways, future research may offer breakthroughs in treating AD, moving beyond symptomatic management towards disease-modifying strategies.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Blood–brain barrier
• Neuroimmunometabolism
• Coagulation system
• Oligodendrocytes