Atmospheric Environment: X (Jan 2020)
Evaluation of receptor and chemical transport models for PM10 source apportionment
- C.A. Belis,
- D. Pernigotti,
- G. Pirovano,
- O. Favez,
- J.L. Jaffrezo,
- J. Kuenen,
- H. Denier van Der Gon,
- M. Reizer,
- V. Riffault,
- L.Y. Alleman,
- M. Almeida,
- F. Amato,
- A. Angyal,
- G. Argyropoulos,
- S. Bande,
- I. Beslic,
- J.-L. Besombes,
- M.C. Bove,
- P. Brotto,
- G. Calori,
- D. Cesari,
- C. Colombi,
- D. Contini,
- G. De Gennaro,
- A. Di Gilio,
- E. Diapouli,
- I. El Haddad,
- H. Elbern,
- K. Eleftheriadis,
- J. Ferreira,
- M. Garcia Vivanco,
- S. Gilardoni,
- B. Golly,
- S. Hellebust,
- P.K. Hopke,
- Y. Izadmanesh,
- H. Jorquera,
- K. Krajsek,
- R. Kranenburg,
- P. Lazzeri,
- F. Lenartz,
- F. Lucarelli,
- K. Maciejewska,
- A. Manders,
- M. Manousakas,
- M. Masiol,
- M. Mircea,
- D. Mooibroek,
- S. Nava,
- D. Oliveira,
- M. Paglione,
- M. Pandolfi,
- M. Perrone,
- E. Petralia,
- A. Pietrodangelo,
- S. Pillon,
- P. Pokorna,
- P. Prati,
- D. Salameh,
- C. Samara,
- L. Samek,
- D. Saraga,
- S. Sauvage,
- M. Schaap,
- F. Scotto,
- K. Sega,
- G. Siour,
- R. Tauler,
- G. Valli,
- R. Vecchi,
- E. Venturini,
- M. Vestenius,
- A. Waked,
- E. Yubero
Affiliations
- C.A. Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi, 2748 21027, Ispra, Italy; Corresponding author.
- D. Pernigotti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, via Fermi, 2748 21027, Ispra, Italy
- G. Pirovano
- Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico, RSE S.p.A, Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134, Milano, Italy
- O. Favez
- INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- J.L. Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, G-INP, IGE, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- J. Kuenen
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- H. Denier van Der Gon
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- M. Reizer
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20 Str, 00-653, Warsaw, Poland
- V. Riffault
- Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- L.Y. Alleman
- Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- M. Almeida
- C2TN, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
- F. Amato
- IDÆA, CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- A. Angyal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA Atomki), H-4026, Debrecen, P. O. Box 51, Hungary
- G. Argyropoulos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
- S. Bande
- ARPA Piemonte, Dipartimento Rischi Naturali ed Ambientali, Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Turin, TO, Italy
- I. Beslic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- J.-L. Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME, F-73 000, Chambéry, France
- M.C. Bove
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
- P. Brotto
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
- G. Calori
- ARIANET Srl, Via Gilino n.9, 20128, Milano, Italy
- D. Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Division of Lecce, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- C. Colombi
- Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio della Qualità dell’Aria, ARPA Lombardia, via Juvara 22, 20129, Milan, Italy
- D. Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Division of Lecce, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- G. De Gennaro
- Biology Department of University of Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- A. Di Gilio
- Biology Department of University of Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- E. Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, 15341, Greece
- I. El Haddad
- Paul Scherrer Institut CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- H. Elbern
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich and Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- K. Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, 15341, Greece
- J. Ferreira
- CESAM & Dept Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- M. Garcia Vivanco
- CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense, 40, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- S. Gilardoni
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, I-40129, Italy
- B. Golly
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME, F-73 000, Chambéry, France
- S. Hellebust
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Research Institute University College Cork, T12 YN60, Cork, Ireland
- P.K. Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Y. Izadmanesh
- IDÆA, CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- H. Jorquera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
- K. Krajsek
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich and Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- R. Kranenburg
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- P. Lazzeri
- Agenzia Provinciale Protezione Ambiente, via Lidorno,1, 38123, Trento, Italy
- F. Lenartz
- ISSeP, Rue du Chéra 200, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- F. Lucarelli
- National,Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) – Florence Section, Sesto F.no (Fi), Italy
- K. Maciejewska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20 Str, 00-653, Warsaw, Poland
- A. Manders
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- M. Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, 15341, Greece
- M. Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- M. Mircea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Martiri di Monte Sole, 4, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- D. Mooibroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Environmental Quality (MIL), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- S. Nava
- National,Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) – Florence Section, Sesto F.no (Fi), Italy
- D. Oliveira
- INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- M. Paglione
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, I-40129, Italy
- M. Pandolfi
- IDÆA, CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- M. Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
- E. Petralia
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Martiri di Monte Sole, 4, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- A. Pietrodangelo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italy
- S. Pillon
- Regional Air Observatory Environmental Protection Agency of Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
- P. Pokorna
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- P. Prati
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, 16146, Genoa, Italy
- D. Salameh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, G-INP, IGE, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- C. Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
- L. Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH_UST University of Science and Technology, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
- D. Saraga
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, 15341, Greece
- S. Sauvage
- Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- M. Schaap
- TNO, Princetonlaan 6, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- F. Scotto
- Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia, Romagna, Italy
- K. Sega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- G. Siour
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
- R. Tauler
- IDÆA, CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- G. Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, & National Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN-Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
- R. Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, & National Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN-Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
- E. Venturini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40146, Bologna, Italy
- M. Vestenius
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Atmospheric Composition Research, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
- A. Waked
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, G-INP, IGE, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Département Sciences de l’Atmosphère et Génie de l’Environnement, SAGE, IMT Lille Douai, Université de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- E. Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernandez University, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Spain
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 5
Abstract
In this study, the performance of two types of source apportionment models was evaluated by assessing the results provided by 40 different groups in the framework of an intercomparison organised by FAIRMODE WG3 (Forum for air quality modelling in Europe, Working Group 3). The evaluation was based on two performance indicators: z-scores and the root mean square error weighted by the reference uncertainty (RMSEu), with pre-established acceptability criteria. By involving models based on completely different and independent input data, such as receptor models (RMs) and chemical transport models (CTMs), the intercomparison provided a unique opportunity for their cross-validation. In addition, comparing the CTM chemical profiles with those measured directly at the source contributed to corroborate the consistency of the tested model results. The most commonly used RM was the US EPA- PMF version 5. RMs showed very good performance for the overall dataset (91% of z-scores accepted) while more difficulties were observed with the source contribution time series (72% of RMSEu accepted). Industrial activities proved to be the most difficult sources to be quantified by RMs, with high variability in the estimated contributions. In the CTMs, the sum of computed source contributions was lower than the measured gravimetric PM10 mass concentrations. The performance tests pointed out the differences between the two CTM approaches used for source apportionment in this study: brute force (or emission reduction impact) and tagged species methods. The sources meeting the z-score and RMSEu acceptability criteria tests were 50% and 86%, respectively. The CTM source contributions to PM10 were in the majority of cases lower than the RM averages for the corresponding source. The CTMs and RMs source contributions for the overall dataset were more comparable (83% of the z-scores accepted) than their time series (successful RMSEu in the range 25% - 34%). The comparability between CTMs and RMs varied depending on the source: traffic/exhaust and industry were the source categories with the best results in the RMSEu tests while the most critical ones were soil dust and road dust. The differences between RMs and CTMs source reconstructions confirmed the importance of cross validating the results of these two families of models. Keywords: Source apportionment, PM10, Receptor models, Chemical transport models, Intercomparison, Lens