The Chilean Laja Lake: multi-objective analysis of conflicting water demands and the added value of optimization strategies

Abstract

Water scarcity leads to conflicts over water allocation. Laja Lake in Chile is a natural lake, which was formed by a volcanic barrier. Outflow from the lake is created by seepage through the barrier and via a controllable artificial outlet, which adds reservoir characteristics to the lake. Hydroelectric power stations have been built at both outlets. Downstream, water is diverted into irrigation canals, and the Laja River forms the Laja Falls, a popular tourist attraction. The previous operating policy preferred the most upstream water user and was found to be inadequate because the lake level decreased over long term. The current reservoir operation policy was established through stakeholder negotiations. This study investigated whether optimization (using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) can further improve the operation of Laja Lake while maintaining a fair balance between stakeholder groups. The results were compared with the stakeholder agreement and the previous policy. The main difference is in the spring, when Laja Lake fills up before the irrigation season starts. The optimization strategy prioritizes hydropower generation during this period, resulting in reduced storage. Ultimately, optimization proves to be a valuable tool for identifying trade-offs and exploring different scenarios in water management. HIGHLIGHTS The standard operational policy is not able to find long-term equitable solutions for the multi-purpose reservoir.; Systems analytic methods can find balanced strategies for conflicting water demands.; Trade-offs and alliances between stakeholders were identified using optimization and simulation followed by a ranking procedure.; Different scenarios from the set of Pareto optimal solutions can be easily explored.;

Keywords

• hydropower
• irrigation
• nsga-ii
• reservoir operation
• stakeholder negotiation
• water–energy–food nexus