A Review of In-Situ Techniques for Probing Active Sites and Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reactions

Abstract

Highlights A comprehensive discussion of monitoring the structure evolutions of catalysts during ORR via multiple in-situ techniques to identify the active sites is presented. The extensive applications of in-situ techniques in elucidating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanisms/pathways are reviewed. The challenges and recommendations of current in-situ techniques for monitoring the various dynamic evolutions in ORR are pointed out.

Keywords

• Oxygen reduction reaction
• Catalysts
• In-situ techniques
• Active sites
• Mechanisms