The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
AGN STORM 2. VII. A Frequency-resolved Map of the Accretion Disk in Mrk 817: Simultaneous X-Ray Reverberation and UVOIR Disk Reprocessing Time Lags
- Collin Lewin,
- Erin Kara,
- Aaron J. Barth,
- Edward M. Cackett,
- Gisella De Rosa,
- Yasaman Homayouni,
- Keith Horne,
- Gerard A. Kriss,
- Hermine Landt,
- Jonathan Gelbord,
- John Montano,
- Nahum Arav,
- Misty C. Bentz,
- Benjamin D. Boizelle,
- Elena Dalla Bontà,
- Michael S. Brotherton,
- Maryam Dehghanian,
- Gary J. Ferland,
- Carina Fian,
- Michael R. Goad,
- Juan V. Hernández Santisteban,
- Dragana Ilić,
- Jelle Kaastra,
- Shai Kaspi,
- Kirk T. Korista,
- Peter Kosec,
- Andjelka Kovačević,
- Missagh Mehdipour,
- Jake A. Miller,
- Hagai Netzer,
- Jack M. M. Neustadt,
- Christos Panagiotou,
- Ethan R. Partington,
- Luka Č. Popović,
- David Sanmartim,
- Marianne Vestergaard,
- Martin J. Ward,
- Fatima Zaidouni
Affiliations
- Collin Lewin
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; [email protected]
- Erin Kara
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; [email protected]
- Aaron J. Barth
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- Edward M. Cackett
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , 666 W. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Gisella De Rosa
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Yasaman Homayouni
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University , 525 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Keith Horne
- ORCiD
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy , North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK
- Gerard A. Kriss
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Hermine Landt
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Jonathan Gelbord
- ORCiD
- Spectral Sciences Inc. , 30 Fourth Avenue, Suite 2, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
- John Montano
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- Nahum Arav
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Misty C. Bentz
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University , 25 Park Place, Suite 605, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Benjamin D. Boizelle
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N284 ESC, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT, 84602, USA
- Elena Dalla Bontà
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5 I-35122, Padova, Italy
- Michael S. Brotherton
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- Maryam Dehghanian
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Gary J. Ferland
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Carina Fian
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad de Valencia , E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de Valencia , E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Michael R. Goad
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- Juan V. Hernández Santisteban
- ORCiD
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy , North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK
- Dragana Ilić
- ORCiD
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of astronomy, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
- Jelle Kaastra
- ORCiD
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Shai Kaspi
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Kirk T. Korista
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Western Michigan University , 1120 Everett Tower, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5252, USA
- Peter Kosec
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; [email protected]
- Andjelka Kovačević
- ORCiD
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of astronomy, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Missagh Mehdipour
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Jake A. Miller
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , 666 W. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Hagai Netzer
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Wise Observatory, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Jack M. M. Neustadt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , 140 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Christos Panagiotou
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; [email protected]
- Ethan R. Partington
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University , 666 W. Hancock Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Luka Č. Popović
- ORCiD
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Mathematics , Department of astronomy, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Astronomical Observatory Belgrade , Volgina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- David Sanmartim
- ORCiD
- Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory , Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
- Marianne Vestergaard
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; DARK, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 155, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Martin J. Ward
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Fatima Zaidouni
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; [email protected]
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad6b08
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 974,
no. 2
p. 271
Abstract
X-ray reverberation mapping is a powerful technique for probing the innermost accretion disk, whereas continuum reverberation mapping in the UV, optical, and infrared (UVOIR) reveals reprocessing by the rest of the accretion disk and broad-line region (BLR). We present the time lags of Mrk 817 as a function of temporal frequency measured from 14 months of high-cadence monitoring from Swift and ground-based telescopes, in addition to an XMM-Newton observation, as part of the AGN STORM 2 campaign. The XMM-Newton lags reveal the first detection of a soft lag in this source, consistent with reverberation from the innermost accretion flow. These results mark the first simultaneous measurement of X-ray reverberation and UVOIR disk reprocessing lags—effectively allowing us to map the entire accretion disk surrounding the black hole. Similar to previous continuum reverberation mapping campaigns, the UVOIR time lags arising at low temporal frequencies are longer than those expected from standard disk reprocessing by a factor of 2–3. The lags agree with the anticipated disk reverberation lags when isolating short-timescale variability, namely timescales shorter than the H β lag. Modeling the lags requires additional reprocessing constrained at a radius consistent with the BLR size scale inferred from contemporaneous H β -lag measurements. When we divide the campaign light curves, the UVOIR lags show substantial variations, with longer lags measured when obscuration from an ionized outflow is greatest. We suggest that, when the obscurer is strongest, reprocessing by the BLR elongates the lags most significantly. As the wind weakens, the lags are dominated by shorter accretion disk lags.
Keywords
- Active galactic nuclei
- Supermassive black holes
- Reverberation mapping
- Accretion
- Gaussian Processes regression
- Time series analysis
