Recurrent episodes of hypercapnic respiratory failure triggered by panic attacks in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract

A 67-year old female with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and generalized anxiety disorder presents with three episodes of severe hypercapnic respiratory failure over the previous three months without a clear precipitant that were treated with invasive and non-invasive ventilation. These episodes were labelled as acute exacerbations of COPD, however she lacked any typical features or triggers and responded faster than expected to treatment and she underwent extensive investigations to identify an alternative etiology. While admitted and under observation, she became extremely anxious, began to hyperventilate and went into hypercapnic respiratory failure, which was successfully aborted with sublingual lorazepam causing resolution of tachypnea. It became clear that the patient was suffering from panic attacks as the precipitant for her respiratory failure and she was successfully treated with psychiatric medication and breakthrough anxiolytics. Anxiety and panic disorders are more prevalent in patients with COPD than the general population and effective management is important as patient's with anxiety and COPD have worse clinical outcomes than with COPD alone. Additionally, panic attacks should be considered as an etiology for hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with COPD and anxiety when the clinical presentation is atypical.