The association of sedentary time with sleep disturbances among the US population, 2005 to 2014

Abstract

Abstract Background Sleep problems increase the risk of premature illness and death. We evaluated the association between sedentary time and sleep disturbances. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of the US nationally representative data of 21,414 adults (aged > = 18 years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2005–2014) was performed. The data of sleep disturbances were assessed using NHANES questionnaire results, which included the question, “{Have you/has sp} ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that {you have/s/he has} a sleep disorder?”. All participants were stratified by quartiles of sedentary behavior distribution, which was the explanatory variable (sedentary time quartile cut points: Q1, 0 < = Q1 < 3 h; Q2, 3 < = Q2 < 5 h; Q3, 5 < = Q3 < 8 h; Q4, 8 < = Q4 < 20 h). We used multivariable logistic regression and the restricted cubic splines (RCS) model to assess the relationship between sedentary time and sleep disturbances. Results In the unadjusted multivariable logistic regression model (crude model), there was a demonstrated tendency for the odds of sleep disturbances to increase with the sedentary time (Q1 as reference, Q2: OR, 1.31 [95% CI 1.09–1.58] P = 0.005; Q3: OR, 1.62 [95% CI 1.39–1.88] P < 0.001; Q4: OR, 1.75 [95% CI 1.48–2.06] P < 0.001; P for trend < 0.001). In the adjusted model 4, adjustment for gender, age, marital type, education type, race, family poverty index ratio, waist circumference, recreational type, smoke status, drink status, diabetes mellitus status, cardiovascular disease status, sleep duration type, body mass index, the OR in Q2 subgroup didn’t significantly increase (Q1 as reference. Q2: OR, 1.18 [95% CI 0.96–1.44] P = 0.1). However, the ORs in Q3 and Q4 (Q3: OR, 1.35 [95% CI 1.14–1.59] P < 0.001; Q4: OR, 1.45 [95% CI 1.21–1.75] P < 0.001) both revealed that the risk of sleep disturbances increased with increasing sedentary time, P for trend < 0.001. The unadjusted RCS model revealed that the risk of sleep disturbances increased non-linearly with increasing sedentary time for total participants (P for non-linearity < 0.001). After adjusting for all covariates, the RCS results revealed that the risk of sleep disturbances increased non-linearly with increasing sedentary time for total participants (P for non-linearity = 0.012). Conclusions This study suggested that the longer sedentary time was strongly associated with the sleep disturbances. The protective effect of recreational activities on sleep disturbance, has not been significantly demonstrated.

Keywords

• Sedentary time
• Sleep disturbances
• Multivariable logistics regression
• RCS (restricted cubic spline)