Journal of Pain Research (Apr 2021)
Opioid Policy and Chronic Pain Treatment Access Experiences: A Multi-Stakeholder Qualitative Analysis and Conceptual Model
Abstract
Stephanie Slat,1 Avani Yaganti,1 Jennifer Thomas,1 Danielle Helminski,1 Michele Heisler,1– 4 Amy Bohnert,2,4,5 Pooja Lagisetty1,2,4 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 2Center for Clinical Management and Research, Ann Arbor VA Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 3Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 4Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 5Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USACorrespondence: Stephanie SlatDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, NCRC B16-Floor 4, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USATel +1 734-755-1574Email [email protected]: Patients on long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for pain have difficulty accessing primary care clinicians who are willing to prescribe opioids or provide multimodal pain treatment. Recent treatment guidelines and statewide policies aimed at reducing inappropriate prescribing may exacerbate these access issues, but further research is needed on this issue. This study aimed to understand barriers to primary care access and multimodal treatment for chronic pain from the perspective of multiple stakeholders.Methods: Qualitative, semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with adult patients with chronic pain, primary care clinicians, and clinic office staff in Michigan. Interview questions covered stakeholder experiences with prescription opioids, opioid-related policies, and access to care for chronic pain. Interviews were coded using inductive and deductive methods for thematic analysis.Results: A total of 25 interviews were conducted (15 patients, 7 primary care clinicians, and 3 office staff). Barriers to treatment access were attributed to six themes: (1) reduced clinic willingness to manage prescribed opioids for new patients; (2) lack of time and reimbursement for quality opioid-related care; (3) paucity of multimodal care and coordination between providers; (4) fear of liability and use of new guidelines to justify not prescribing opioids; (5) delayed prescription receipt due to prior authorization and pharmacy issues; and (6) poor availability of effective non-opioid treatments.Conclusion: Issues of policy, logistics, and clinic-level resources converge to disrupt treatment access for patients with chronic pain, as many clinics both do not offer multimodal pain care and are unwilling to prescribe LTOT. The resulting conceptual model can inform the development of policy interventions to help mitigate these access barriers.Keywords: opioid, chronic pain, access, primary care, policy
