Validation of the Arabic Version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale Among Lebanese General Population

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) as an indicator of sleep effort within the Lebanese general population. A total of 360 members of the general population were included in this e-survey study. The sample completed the following measures: GSES, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep-2 (DBS-2), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and a sleep diary regarding their bedtime, sleep onset time, wake-up time, desired total sleep time, and desired time in bed. The results supported the single-factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis. It also showed internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha and omega values of 0.857 and 0.858, respectively. Further, Convergent validity was established with significant correlations between GSES, DBS-2, ISI, and PHQ-9. This suggests that GSES is valid and reliable for measuring sleep effort among the Lebanese general population.

Keywords

• psychometrics
• insomnia
• glasgow sleep effort scale
• sleep effort
• arabic scale