Middle East Current Psychiatry (Mar 2023)

Clinical characteristics of bipolar 1 disorder in relation to interleukin-6: a cross-sectional study among Egyptian patients

  • May Hassan,
  • Rasha Elzehery,
  • Youssef M. Mosaad,
  • Maged Mostafa,
  • Ibrahem H. Rashed Elkalla,
  • Mohamed Elwasify

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00297-2
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 30, no. 1
pp. 1 – 10

Abstract

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Abstract Background Strong evidence in the literature points to the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder (BD) pathophysiology. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine that was repeatedly found higher in bipolar patients than in healthy controls. However, studies on the phasic differences of IL-6 in bipolar type I (BP-I) were limited. This study aims to explore the phasic differences of serum IL-6 levels in BP-I during euthymia, depression, and mania and their association with the disease’s clinical characteristics in a sample of Egyptian BP-I patients. Thirty currently euthymic, 24 currently depressed, 29 currently manic BP-I patients, and 20 healthy subjects were recruited. Serum IL-6 levels were compared among BP-I groups and then between each group and a group of 20 healthy controls. Serum IL-6 levels (pg/ml) were measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Depression and mania symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), respectively. Clinical characteristics were evaluated through a semi-structured clinical psychiatric interview, and cognitive status was tested using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in each bipolar phase than in healthy subjects. In the BP-I patients, IL-6 levels were lower in patients with a current manic episode than in patients with a current depressive episode (P < 0.05) or who were currently euthymic (P < 0.001). Moreover, IL-6 levels correlated inversely with the YMRS score (r s = − 0.29; P < 0.05). Compared to patients without psychotic features, patients with psychotic features had decreased serum IL-6. Moreover, IL-6 levels were lower in inpatients compared to outpatients. Conclusions BP-I disorder is associated with an inflammatory state. The decreased levels of IL-6 during manic episodes, affective episodes with psychotic features, and their inverse correlation with the severity of mania symptoms indicate a possible anti-inflammatory role of IL-6 in mania and psychotic symptoms pathogenesis.

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