Recent advances in vulvovaginal Candidiasis research: A narrative review

Abstract

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a significant public health concern, and current article focuses primarily on understanding this infection's molecular processes. The hosts defence mechanisms and their dysregulation, such as the innate immune response and the genetic susceptibility factors, play a crucial role in determining the susceptibility to VVC. Candida-host interactions in the vaginal environment, including the adhesion mechanisms and the tissue invasion, have been extensively investigated, revealing the intricate strategies employed by Candida spp. to colonize and persist in the human host. Moreover, the virulence factors secreted by Candida spp., such as the hydrolytic enzymes and toxins, contribute to the tissue damage and modulation of the immune response, aiding in Candida spp. survival and evasion of the host defences. The formation of Candida biofilms and the complex structures, which are composed of fungal cells encased in an extracellular matrix, has emerged as an essential aspect of VVC pathogenesis. Biofilms confer Candida spp. enhanced resistance to the antifungal agents, leading to treatment challenges and recurrent infections. Advancements in the various diagnostic techniques have also played a pivotal role in VVC research. Molecular diagnostics, next-generation sequencing, and proteomic approaches offer improved accuracy and rapid identification of Candida spp., enabling precise diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. Such techniques are significant for developing novel therapeutic targets, including disrupting the adhesion mechanisms, inhibiting the virulence factor production, and targeting biofilm formation. These advances hold promise for developing more effective preventive strategies, therapeutic interventions, and improved diagnostic tools. Overall, this review article aimed to discuss the recent research that provides valuable insights into the infection mechanisms driving the vulvovaginal Candidiasis and their diagnosis, ultimately improving the quality of life for the women affected by this disease.

Keywords

• vulvovaginal candidiasis
• infection mechanism
• molecular diagnostics
• preventive strategies
• alternative therapies